FRUIT CULTURE. 



425 



removing- dead, and 

 even superfluous, 

 canes is usually done 

 with more convenience 

 in the fall, and there 

 is practically nothing- 

 in the idea that by 

 leaving them addi- 

 tional protection is af- 

 '''^'*?relli3foT berries, forded to the planta- 

 tion. In districts 

 where the cold is so severe that the rasp- 

 berry will not stand without winter protec- 

 tion, the pinching- back of the young- shoots 

 when not more than eig-hteen inches hig-h 

 may be practised. A low bush will be 

 formed which will be covered with the snow. 

 Or bending- down 

 and covering- may 

 be done. Before 

 frost comes remove 

 the canes as sugges- 

 ted above, leaving- 

 about four canes to 

 the hill. One man 

 with spade or shovel 

 then removes a lit- 

 tle earth from the 

 base of the plant, 

 the other presses 

 down the canes 



with a fork, and the first man puts earth 

 enough on to hold them in place. Such 

 canes must be carefully taken up in the 

 spring when danger of frost is past, but not 

 left long- enoug-h to start gfro.wth. If such a 

 practice is adopted it will be necessary to 

 put up wire trellis to support the canes. A 

 convenient kind in which the wires are easily 

 removed is shown in Fig. 89. 



If covering is not practised where the 

 winter is severe, but reliance placed on a 

 a deep covering of snow, it is important to 

 pinch back the canes early. Fig-s. 90 and 

 91 will show how to get a short sturdy bush 

 with good laterals. 



Varieties. — Black — Souhegan, Hillborn 

 Gregg. Very promising new kinds are. 

 Older, Conrath, Smith's Giant. Red — Marl- 

 boro', Cuthbert. Yellow — Golden Queen. 

 The best purple variety — Shaffer and Col- 

 umbia. 



Insects. — The raspberries are fairly free 

 from insect pests of a very destructive char- 

 acter. The snowy tree-cricket occasionally 

 slits the canes, depositing in the pith a num- 

 ber of yellowish, cylindrical eggs. Such 

 canes can be removed and burnt. The 

 young crickets feed on plant lice, so they 

 probably do as much good as harm. The 

 crown-borer and cane borer are sometimes 

 injurious, but infected canes can be readily 



CAffO 



Root-gall of raspberry. 



Well pruned. 



Poorly pruned. 



/ 



