LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



FIG. PAGE 



1. Map of the United States showing natural forest regions Frontispiece 



2. The Sequoia spark arrester 31 



3. The South Bend spark arrester 31 



4. Locomotive spark cap 32 



5. The boomerang spark arrester 33 



6. The Radley-Hunter spark arrester 34 



7. Typical logging camp of the Northeast 59 



8. A two-storied logging camp. Northern New York 60 



9. A portable-house logging camp 62 



10. An end and side view of the frame of a car barn 65 



11. A floating camp on a cypress operation 67 



12. Characteristic types of ax heads 73 



13. Common types of cross-cut saw handles 75 



14. Saw teeth patterns 76 



15. The forms of bevel used on cross-cut saws 78 



16. The endless chain saw used in bucking up logs in the Pacific Coast forests 80 



17. Some patterns of wedges used by loggers 81 



18. A spring board used by fallers in the Northwest 83 



19. A kilhig or Sampson used in directing the fall of a tree 84 



20. A socket peavey 85 



21. A cant hook 85 



22. A type of undercutter used in the Pacific Coast forests 86 



23. An undercut on a large Douglas fir tree 92 



24. A forked tree cut in a wasteful manner 102 



25. Waste in a top resulting from an improper selection of log lengths 103 



26. Skidways along a two-sled road 142 



27. Skidding trails leading down to a skidway along the logging railroad. 



West Virginia 147 



28. Oxen skidding a yellow pine log containing 1200 feet. Arkansas 147 



29. A skipper road on a West Virginia operation 148 



30. Various forms of equipment used in snaking logs 151 



31. A turn of logs at the dump along a skipper road 152 



32. A type of grab skipper and a grab maul used on a West Virginia logging 



operation 153 



33. A go-devil loaded with hardwood logs. Michigan 155 



34. A yarding-sled used in the Northeast 157 



35. Methods of fastening logs to the bunk of a yarding sled 158 



36. A loaded two sled, showing the binding chains and a potter (on the left). 



New Hampshire 160 



