LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xvii 



FIG. PAGE 



79. The foundation for a dunnage road 283 



80. A spur logging railroad corduroyed with poles. Arkansas 285 



81. A standard rail head 287 



82. Forms of rail fastenings 288 



83. Two forms of turnouts used on logging railroads 289 



84. Diagram showing the customary elevation of the outer rail, in inches, 



for various degrees of curvature 294 



85. A hydrauUc snubbing machine 300 



86. A Climax geared locomotive 306 



87. A Heisler geared locomotive 308 



88. A Shay geared locomotive 309 



89. A skeleton log car 317 



90. A log truck of the type used in the Pacific Coast forests 319 



91. Loading log cars with the cross-haul. Missouri 322 



92. A Model C American log loader 324 



93. The Rapid log loader ^2$ 



94. The Decker log loader 326 



95. The McGiffert log loader 327 



96. A rollway at the mill pond 332 



97. Floor plan of a tilting log dump 335 



98. Details of a tilting log dump 337 



99. The sluice-way and apron of a rafter dam on the Priest river. Idaho 353 

 100. The upstream face of a small rafter dam, showing a common form of 



hft gate 354 



loi. The bear-trap sluice gate 355 



102. A half-moon gate used in a low sluice way. Wisconsin 356 



103. Upstream view of a rafter dam, showing a needle gate. Appalachians 357 



104. An abutment for the protection of stream banks 359 



105. An artificial channel used to confine flood water in a narrow bed 360 



106. The methods of fastening boom sticks with chains 361 



107. A fin boom 362 



108. Piers built in a river to hold storage booms in place. Minnesota 363 



109. Log storing and sorting works on the St. John river. New Brunswick 364 

 no. A sorting gap on the St. John river near Fredericton, New Brunswick. 366 



111. A patent sorting device used in the Appalachian region 367 



112. Some Mississippi river log marks 371 



113. A log-driving crew at the landing waiting for a head of water. New 



Hampshire 376 



114. A "headworks" used to tow log rafts across small lakes. Maine 378 



115. A Mississippi river log raft, showing the method of control by end- 



wheel steamers 382 



116. Method of fastening poles to the logs by means of iron dogs 383 



117. Loading the " bottom " of a raft with logs by means of a parbuckle. A 



bracket boom is shown on the left 384 



118. Method of attaching rafting poles to the logs by means of wooden pins. 384 



119. Method of fastening rafting poles to logs by means of rope and rafting 



pins. A method formerly used on the Mississippi river 385 



120. Details of a Mississippi river log raft 386 



