I04 LOGGING 



man secures the additional material on the good half of the log 

 which otherwise would be wasted. If necessary, the portion 

 containing the large knots can be cut off in the mill by the 

 trimmer. 



A loss usually occurs in cutting broken timber into logs by 

 making the saw-cut too far below the break. Where the break 

 is not square across it is often possible to obtain added material 

 by cutting the log so as to include a portion of the broken end. 

 This should always be done on large timber where the extra 

 section that can be secured is at least equal to one-half the diam- 

 eter of the log. 



One of the most extensive wastes occurs in the tops when all 

 of the merchantable material below the larger limbs has not been 

 utilized. Sections of good timber from one to several feet in 

 length and of a quality equal to that taken are often left, usually 

 because the log-makers did not exercise judgment in dividing 

 the bole into the most economic log lengths. The loss from this 

 source often runs from 3.5 to 5 per cent of the total merchantable 

 stand and the annual loss on large operations amounts to thou- 

 sands of dollars, although it could be corrected by proper super- 

 vision. 



Close utilization of the kind mentioned does not require the 

 operator to take material that he does not consider merchant- 

 able. A system by which timber is cut for quahty as well as 

 quantity means an increase in the percentage of the higher grades, 

 more timber per acre and prolonged life to the operation. 



BARKING OR ROSSING 



Where logs of large size are skidded on dry ground, the bark 

 on the lower side is frequently removed to reduce friction. 

 This is termed "barking" or "rossing." During a wet season or 

 when power is used for skidding, rossing is frequently omitted. 



In the Northeast the ends of long logs that are being yarded 

 on drag sleds are sometimes rossed on the under side when the 

 road is either level or upgrade, or the dragging hard. 



In the Pacific Coast forests during the season when the bark 

 does not peel readily, the work is done, usually with a broad- 



