FELLING AND LOG-MAKING 105 



ax, by a special member of the logging crew. During other 

 seasons a "spud" or peeler may be used. 



In other sections of the country only the largest logs are 

 rossed. The work is generally done with an ax by a member of 

 the swamping crew. On heavy timber the barker not only 

 removes the bark but also straightens slight crooks by cutting 

 off sufficient wood to flatten the log so that when dragged, it 

 will remain in proper position. 



Spruce logs intended for pulp manufacture are sometimes 

 entirely rossed in the forest because there is less wood wasted 

 than when the work is done by machinery at the mill. 



Redwood logs are always rossed in the forest before the boles 

 are made into logs because the thickness of the bark and its 

 rough character not only impede log-making but are also a 

 hindrance in transportation. 



Previous to skidding, the forward end of a large log is "sniped " 

 or "nosed." This consists of rounding oft' the under side of 

 the log so that it will not catch on obstructions. Where the 

 ground is rough and the log is likely to roll over, the entire front 

 end is sniped. This work may be done by a sniper or by one 

 of the swampers. The sniper generally prefers an ax with a 5- 

 to 6-pound head. 



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE TO CHAPTER VII 



Braniff, Edward A.: Grades and Amounts of Lumber Sawed from Yellow 

 Poplar, Yellow Birch, Sugar Maple and Beech. Bui. No. 73, U. S. For. 

 Ser., Washington, D. C., 1906, pp. 20-21. 



Gary, Austin: Practical Forestry on a Spruce Tract in Maine. Cir. 131, 

 U. S. Forest Service, pp. 5-6. 



Chapman, H. H., and Bryant, R. C.: Prolonging the Cut of Southern Pine. 

 Yale University Press, Bui. 2, Yale Forest School, New Haven, Conn., 

 1913- 



Clapp, Earle H.: Conservative Logging. Report of the National Conserva- 

 tion Commission with accompanying papers, 1909, pp. 512-546. 



Graves, Henry S.: Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks. Bui. No. 26, 

 U. S. Div. of For., Washington, D. C, 1899, pp. 57-60. 



Hedgecock, George Grant: Studies upon some Chromogenic Fungi which 

 discolor Wood. Missouri Botanical Garden, Seventeenth z\nnual Report, 

 St. Louis, Mo., 1906, pp. 59-114. 



