124 LOGGING 



shake rings the contents are subtracted from the gross scale of 

 the defect and the remainder deducted from the full scale of the 

 log. 



Pin-dote. — This defect appears on the ends of logs as small 

 rotten spots, often distributed in a circular form. The rot 

 frequently starts from punk knots and near the latter the log 

 may be very defective. When the visible area affected is 4 

 inches or more in diameter the usual method is to discount the 

 log contents in the same manner as for circular rot. 



Stump or Butt Rot. — This defect seldom extends more than a 

 few feet into the log and usually tapers to a point. Where the 

 wood is only shghtly rotten and the affected area is small, the 

 defect seldom extends more than a few inches and often no allow- 

 ance is made for it. 



When the defect occupies the center of the log and extends 

 nearly to the bark, the usual practice is to reduce the scaling 

 length. When a few boards can be cut from the outer shell of 

 the affected portion their board-foot contents are added to the 

 merchantable scale. 



Butt rot near one edge of the log may be largely removed by 

 the slab, and the scaler must exercise judgment in determining 

 the deduction to be made. 



Cat-face. — This may be due to an injury to the butt by fire, 

 or to wounds made by spht shingle makers who cut into trees to 

 determine the straightness of the grain of the wood. The com- 

 mon practice is to divide the log into sections, then determine 

 what proportion of a particular section will be lost in manufac- 

 ture and deduct this amount. 



Other Side Dejects. — Lightning scars seldom extend far into 

 the wood and are usually removed with the slab. Unless deep 

 they are disregarded. 



Punk knots which are an indication of red heart or rot often 

 render a log practically worthless, especially when rot appears 

 at either end. As a rule, pine timber that is badly affected has 

 exudations of resin at numerous points along the bole and often 

 bears fruiting bodies of a fungus. The scaler's judgment is the 

 only guide in discounting logs of this character. 



