132 LOGGING 



(2) They will stand rougher treatment and perform more 

 labor on poor feed than a horse. 



(3) They are less excitable than horses and, therefore, are 

 well suited for use in operations where colored teamsters are 

 employed. 



(4) They are more agile than horses on rough ground. 



(5) They eat less than horses and seldom overfeed. Mules 

 have not proved a success in the North where low temperatures 

 prevail during the winter. 



Under favorable conditions there is httle difference in the 

 amount of work performed daily by mules and horses. 



Mules for logging purposes range in weight from 11 00 pounds 

 for leaders to 1300 pounds for wheelers. They cost from $225 to 

 $250 each in the St. Louis, Kansas City and other mule markets. 

 Southern loggers usually purchase their mules at one of the two 

 markets mentioned or from farmers in Kansas and nearby states. 

 The best mules are raised in Missouri, Kentucky and Kansas. 



The rations given to animals vary greatly because of the differ- 

 ence in the character of feed available and the diversified opin- 

 ions of feeders. 



A draft animal at hard work requires a certain amount of 

 concentrated food containing protein, carbohydrates and fats, 

 which is fed in the form of grains, such as corn, oats and barley; 

 mill products, including corn meal, ground corn and oats, and 

 similar combinations; and the by-products, cottonseed meal, 

 cottonseed hulls and linseed meal. In addition, animals require 

 rough material, such as hay of various kinds, corn fodder, corn 

 husks and like feeds to give bulk to the ration. If no rough 

 fodder or hay is given, an animal will consume more concentrated 

 food than necessary to keep it in working condition. On the 

 other hand, heavily-worked animals cannot subsist on roughage 

 alone because the digestible nutrients are so small that they 

 cannot consume a sufficient bulk to secure the proper amount of 

 nourishment. 



In preparing rations for animals, horses and mules require 



