146 LOGGING 



timber was felled on slopes close to tidewater or some driveable 

 stream, the logs were rolled into the water, made into rafts and 

 sold to large loggers or manufacturers who transported them to 

 market. Often the stumpage was not the property of the logger 

 who cut it and the timber was sold at a price slightly above the 

 cost of the labor expended upon it. The increase in the value of 

 stumpage and the greater care given to timber properties by the 

 owners has largely eliminated this class of loggers in the United 

 States. In British Columbia hand logging is still practiced to a 

 limited extent by virtue of ''hand logger's" permits issued by 

 the Provincial Government. 



The introduction of modern machinery for logging has given 

 a wider meaning to the term hand logging on the Coast, and it 

 is now applied to loggers who operate on a small scale with 

 animals. 



SNAKING W^ITH ANIMALS 



The transportation of logs with animals without the use of 

 vehicles is practiced in many parts of the country either to take 

 logs from the stump to a skidway or to transport them for longer 

 distances to a stream, railroad, chute or other form of long- 

 distance transport. 



The first is usually a short-distance method and the logs are 

 taken out over crude trails from which only such obstructions 

 have been removed as are necessary to make snaking feasible. 

 The usual distance for snaking on level or gentle slopes does not 

 exceed 500 feet. However, logs may be brought from the stump 

 to skidways 1000 or 1200 feet distant, but such long distances 

 are not considered advisable except where there is a downgrade, 

 or where there is not enough timber to warrant the construction 

 of a road nearer to it. 



Animals for skidding may be used singly or in teams when 

 horses or mules are employed, or in single, double or triple yokes 

 when oxen are used. The number of animals is governed by 

 the weight of the timber handled, the character of bottom and 

 the grade of the skidding trail. 



In the spruce region of the Northeast, two animals are used 



