26o 



LOGGING 



average cost per'ioo feet ranges from $6 to $7 for the type 

 shown in Fig. 75,^7, and from $3 to $4 for the one shown in 



Fig. 75,^- 



On spurs a minimum of till and cut work is done and ditching 

 is not resorted to unless absolutely necessary. 



Where fills of 2 or more feet are to be made on spur roads, it 

 is a common practice to fill the bed of the grade with logs, if 

 nonmerchantable timber is close at hand and to place a cover of 

 earth over them to give a bearing for the ties. This practice 



Fig. 75. — Two Methods of constructing a Grade for a Logging Railroad, a, 

 main line spur, b, secondary spur. The ditch is cut to the dotted line when 

 the track is surfaced. 



cheapens the cost of construction, especially when earth for a 

 fill must be taken from a "borrow" pit. This type of roadbed 

 will last for at least one year. 



The movement of earth and rock in the construction of cuts 

 and fills is most frequently done by contract. The unit on which 

 payment is based is the cubic yard, the material being measured 

 "in place," that is, in the natural bank before it has been dis- 

 turbed. It is customary to classify the material to be moved 

 and to regulate the prices accordingly. The classification and 

 quantity of material moved are determined by the supervising 

 engineer. 



