RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION 



267 



Number i wheelers are used for short hauls and steep rises 

 and should replace drag scrapers under these conditions except 

 where the soil is rocky or full of roots. Snatch teams are re- 

 quired for loading No. 2 and larger scrapers, and even then it is 

 impossible to fill the bowl in tough clay. Shovels must be used 

 for this purpose. 



When the bowl is level full of earth. 



When wages are 15 cents and horse hire 10 cents per hour the 

 cost per cubic yard and the amount of earth moved daily with a 

 No. I scraper is approximately as follows:^ 



Cars with Animal Draft. — Horse-drawn dump cars, ranging 

 in capacity from i to 3 cubic yards, may be advantageously 

 employed where large quantities of earth are to be moved for a 

 distance of several hundred feet. They are generally run on 

 16 or 20-pound steel rails, with 6 by 6-inch by 5-foot unballasted 

 ties spaced about 4 feet, center to center. The cost of laying 

 such a track averages $100 per mile, exclusive of the value of 

 the material. 



A dump car with a capacity of 2 cubic yards weighs about 



1 The figures on the amount of work performed and costs are based on data 

 contained in " Earthwork and its Cost," by H. P. Gillette. McGraw-Hill Book 

 Company, New York, 191 2. 



