28o LOGGING 



the caps and support the crossties. Two stringers are used under 

 each rail. They are spaced 2 inches apart with washers, and 

 then bolted together. They may also be drift-bolted to the caps 

 to hold them in position. Sawed ties, 6 by 8 inches by 8 feet, 

 are placed 24 inches, center to center, on top of the stringers, 

 and are often sunk about ^ inch into them. An occasional cross- 

 tie is also drift-bolted to the stringers. Three- by 8-inch guard 

 rails are then placed on top of the ends of the ties parallel to 

 the stringers and spiked to every other tie to prevent the ties 

 from bunching. 



Where the trestle is less than 9 feet high it is seldom braced, 

 but where the height exceeds this it is braced on each side with 

 3- by 6-inch scantlings placed diagonally across each row of piles, 

 the top end of the brace being fastened to the cap and the lower 

 end to the opposite side of the bent just above the ground. 

 The scantlings are spiked to the cap and to each pile. 



Where the bent exceeds 20 feet in height it is divided into two 

 stories by horizontal braces of 3- by 8-inch scantling, and each 

 story is braced diagonally in the manner described above. At 

 each story every bent is connected by a longitudinal brace. 

 Bents over 20 feet in height consist of five piles whose diameters 

 should not be less than one-twentieth of their length. One pile 

 is placed in the center of each bent and two others are placed on 

 either side at a distance of approximately 24 inches, center to 

 center. The two other piles are placed about one foot out at 

 the top of the bent and are given a batter of 2 inches for each 

 foot of height. 



In swampy sections the main Hne is sometimes built on piling. 

 The advantage of this form of road is that a firm foundation is 

 secured in places where dirt ballast could not be used, stumps 

 need not be removed, and the cost of maintenance for the first 

 few years is low. 



In cypress swamps these roads are made of piles from 12 to 

 15 inches in diameter, driven down to a solid foundation, which 

 may be from 60 to 80 feet. Piles 30 feet long are made from one 

 cypress stick but lengths greater than this are secured by 

 placing one pile on top of another. Cypress is used for 



