290 LOGGING 



Turnouts. — The device used to connect two given sets of 

 track is known as a turnout. It consists of three separate parts 

 known as the switch, the frog and the guard rails. 



(i) The switch is the moveable part of the turnout and is 

 the point at which the two divergent tracks meet. There are 

 two kinds in use by loggers; (a) the stub-switch in which both 

 mainline rails are cut (Fig. 83), and {h) the split switch in which 

 but one main-line rail is cut (Fig. 83). The latter is preferred 

 because of its greater safety. 



(2) Frogs provide the means by which the flanges of the wheels 

 can cross the rail of the track when the train is entering or leaving 

 a switch (Fig. 83, a). Frogs are built ready for use in the track 

 and are made for various degrees of curvature, each size being 

 designated by a number. Those in most common use on stand- 

 ard-gauge logging roads are No. 6 (9° 32'), No. 8 (7° 09') and 

 No. 10 (5° 43')- The number of a given frog can be determined 

 by dividing the length of frog by the width of the frog heel, 

 the quotient being the frog number. 



(3) Both on the main line and the spur, guard rails, from 10 

 to 15 feet long, are placed opposite the frog and serve to hold the 

 wheel flanges against the outer rail and thus make the wheel 

 flanges on the opposite side of the car follow the proper rail. 

 The space between the head of the guard rail and that of the 

 main rail is 2 inches. 



STEEL LAYING AND REMOVAL 



Steel laying and removal may be performed either by hand 

 labor, or by track-laying machines. The work is done both by 

 contract and by day labor, although the latter is the more 

 common. 



A crew of from twenty-one to twenty-five men, provided with 

 a light engine, and one or more cars carrying crossties, rails and 

 other supplies, will lay by hand from 1500 to 2000 feet of track, 

 daily, at a cost of from if to 2 cents per linear foot. Rails and 

 ties are carried on flat cars each holding from fifteen to twenty 

 pairs of rails with the required number of ties. The cars are 

 pushed ahead of the locomotive to the point where construction 



