314 LOGGING 



(4) A man can learn to fire an oil-burning locomotive in a 

 few days because no especial skill is required. A saving in wages 

 is therefore effected. 



The relative value of the three kinds of fuel is approximately 

 as follows: 



One ton of good-grade bituminous coal is equivalent to one 

 and one-half cords of oak wood, or from two to two and one- 

 half cords of softwood, and from 130 to 190 gallons of crude 

 petroleum.^ 



The choice between the different classes of fuel is made either 

 on the basis of forest fire danger or on the relative cost. Some 

 roads passing through forested regions use oil during the danger 

 season and coal during other periods. 



The amount of fuel consumed daily by a logging locomotive 

 is extremely variable, depending on the mileage traveled, the 

 loads hauled, the number of heavy grades traversed, and the 

 efficiency of the fireman. A 45-ton Shay on a western operation 

 averaged nine barrels of fuel oil daily at a cost of $8.60. A 37- 

 ton Shay in the same region burned about five cords of softwood 

 at a cost of $12.50. A 54-ton rod engine on a southern pine 

 operation averaged four cords of pine knots per day, and a 55- 

 ton Shay on the same operation burned from two to two and 

 one-half tons of bituminous coal. 



The average daily expense for oil, waste, etc., ranges from 

 $1.50 to $2.00. 



WATER 



Provision is made for watering locomotives either at the mill 

 or at some convenient point along the railroad. Water may be 

 supplied from storage tanks, by gravity pipe lines from streams, 

 or taken direct from the streams by an injector. The amount 

 of water required is a variable factor, depending on the amount 

 of work performed by the engine and the efficiency of the fireman. 



Trautwine says that between six and seven pounds of water 



' Tests on the Boston and Maine, in 1903, showed that from 130 to 140 gallons 

 of crude petroleum were equal to a short ton of Pennsylvania bituminous coal. In 

 1910 the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad in the Adirondacks found 

 that from 170 to 190 gallons of crude oil were equal to one ton of bituminous coal. 



