MOTIVE POWER AND ROLLING STOCK 315 



are evaporated for each pound of average grade coal that is 

 consumed. On a basis of 6^ pounds of water (0.8 gallons) per 

 pound of coal, 1600 gallons will be required for each ton of coal, 

 or 800 gallons for each cord of wood consumed. Engines which 

 "blow-off" at frequent intervals will require more water than 

 the amount mentioned. 



Logging cars are subject to severe usage and are built chiefly 

 with wooden frames so that repairs can be made at the loggers' 

 machine shop. 



NARROW GAUGE 



When light rails are employed, the same type of car as de- 

 scribed for the stringer-road (page 247) is often used. When a 

 35- or 40-pound rail is in use a heavier car is desirable. The main 

 features are similar to the 8-wheel stringer-road truck mentioned, 

 but they are built heavier to secure a capacity of from 1500 to 

 3000 feet, log scale. 



BROAD GAUGE 



Three types of cars are in use on broad gauge roads, namely, 

 flat cars, skeleton cars, and trucks. 



Flat Cars. — These are seldom purchased by loggers but are 

 used where the logs are hauled for a portion of the distance over 

 a trunk line road. The latter usually furnishes the cars, keeps 

 them in repair, and provides motive power when the cars are on 

 its line. Payment for this service is made on the basis of the 

 number of cars hauled, the number of thousand feet of logs 

 handled, or a flat rate per train-mile. 



Logging fiat cars may have special rails laid on the car floor 

 on which log loaders travel, and also wooden or metal bunks to 

 raise the logs off the car floor. 



Standard 40-foot flat cars fully equipped cost from $850 

 to $925. 



Logs are held on flat cars by stakes or chains. 



(i) Short Stakes. — These are made near the loading place 

 by a stake cutter, and are inserted in the stake pockets on the 



