FLOATING AND RAFTING 377 



Jams and stranded logs can often be moved by the use of a 

 dog-warp which consists of two strong hooks attached near the 

 center of a rope stretched across the stream. A crew of three 

 or four men is stationed on either bank and by catching one or 

 the other of the hooks into logs the men are able to pull them 

 in either direction. The use of dynamite is resorted to when 

 other means fail. 



The drive on small streams continues until all of the logs have 

 left the banking ground. A crew then starts to ''pick rear/' 

 which consists in collecting all the stranded logs along the stream 

 and in the sloughs and putting them into the water so that they 

 will go out with the drive. This work is generally done by men 

 who use timber grapples and peavies for carrying and dragging 

 the logs. Horses are employed when available and the condi- 

 tions are suitable for their use. 



When the course of the drive is across a lake it is necessary 

 to confine the logs in booms and tow them to the outlet. 



A limber boom called a "trap" or "catch" boom is placed at 

 the head of the lake around the mouth of the stream and the 

 logs are confined in it until a sufficient number are secured, 

 when the shore ends of the boom are closed and the raft is towed 

 across the lake. The mouth of the stream is either closed tem- 

 porarily or a second boom is placed in position at once. Where 

 the distance is short and the amount of timber to be moved is 

 limited, it is "kedged" or "warped" by "head works" of the 

 type shown in Fig. 114. This consists of a rough capstan, 

 holding from 300 to 400 feet of rope, which is mounted on a 

 raft, and the latter attached at the forward part of the boom. 

 A heavy anchor fastened to the free end of the rope is carried 

 forward in a boat and dropped in the path of the raft. The 

 capstan is then revolved either by man or horse power. When 

 the raft reaches the anchor, the latter is lifted and again carried 

 forward. A headworks of this character cannot be used to ad- 

 vantage against a head wind. 



Large quantities of logs are usually handled by a "steam- 

 warping tug" or "alligator," which consists of a flat-bottomed, 

 steel-shod scow on which is mounted a pair of twenty-horse- 



