LOGGING METHODS 427 



means of a jumbo dray, the logs being snaked out to the roads 

 and then hauled directly to the skid way along the railroad. 

 Steel-spar cableway skidders (p. 197) are now used on some 

 hardwood and hemlock operations. 



Transportation. — Railroads are the chief form of transport. 

 During the spring, summer and fall the logs required daily are 

 yarded directly to the railroad and loaded on cars. The winter 

 supply of logs is either decked along the railroad or else yarded 

 at more remote spots and then hauled to the railroad on two- 

 sleds. There are only minor interruptions of railroad traffic 

 due to snowfall. The use of two-sleds for hauling logs to a stream 

 down which they are floated is less common than formerly, 

 because of the high value of the white pine stumpage and the 

 large amounts of heavy hardwoods which are now being logged. 



Steam log haulers (p. 172) are common in the Lake States on 

 sled hauls, sometimes bringing the logs directly to the mill. 



Cost of Logging. — The following costs were those incurred on 

 a white pine operation during 1909. The railroad haul was 

 14 miles, 7 on a logging road and 7 on a trunk line. The logs 

 were snaked to the railroad, loaded with a crosshaul, and hauled 

 at once to the mill. The daily output of the camp was from 

 200,000 to 210,000 feet, log scale. 



Felling 



Skidding and swamping. 



Loading 



Railroad construction. . 

 Railroad operation 



Total 



Cost per 1000 board 

 feet. 



S . 38 to $ . 45 



1 .00 to 1 .50 



.20 to .25 



.60 to .75 



■45 to .50 



S-'.63 $3-45 



D. SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE 



Period of Logging. — The year round. 



Labor. — White and colored. The former provide the more 

 skilled labor and the latter the unskilled, although colored 

 laborers occasionally occupy positions of responsibility. On 



