428 LOGGING 



some operations in the northern part of the region, whites are 

 employed exclusively. 



Camps. — They are composed chiefly of portable houses in 

 which the loggers and their families reside. A general store, 

 church and school house are usually provided. Car camps 

 may be used when famihes are not furnished accommoda- 

 tions. 



Topography and Bottom. — In the southern part of the region 

 the country is flat or rolling, while on the northern edge it is 

 usuaUy broken. The bottom in the longleaf forests is generally 

 free from brush, while in the loblolly and shortleaf forests there 

 is often a heavy undergrowth. 



Felling and Log-making. — This is customarily done by a 

 two-man crew which uses a saw and an ax. The daily output is 

 from 7500 to 15,000 feet, depending on the size of the timber 

 and the stand per acre. Contract work prevails. Where ani- 

 mal skidding is used logs are cut in standard lengths, while 

 where power skidding is employed they are cut in lengths rang- 

 ing from 24 feet up to the entire merchantable bole. Sometimes 

 only the tops are cut from the trees and the bole is brought to 

 the mill and there cut into logs. 



Skidding. — Animal logging predominates throughout the 

 region, although the snaking system (p. 204) is common in the 

 flat pineries, and occasionally a cableway skidder (p. 196) is 

 used. So far as is known the slack-rope system is not employed. 

 The favorite method of animal logging is to ''snake" the timber 

 for short distances, and to move distant logs with bummers, 

 high carts or wagons. When standard length logs are handled 

 bummers are a favorite vehicle for the shorter distances, and 

 4-, 6-, or 8-wheeled wagons for long distances. High wheeled 

 carts are preferred for long logs, and are often employed for short 

 logs on hauls of 800 feet or less. 



Transport. — The almost universal form of long-distance trans- 

 port of logs from the forest to the mill is by railroad, because of 

 the continuous operation of the plant, lack of suitable streams 

 for driving and the weight of the timber. Where streams are 

 available, floating is practiced to a very limited extent by some 



