432 LOGGING 



two nationalities mentioned and, in addition, men from southern 

 Europe. 



Camps. — Either car camps, board camps or portable houses 

 are used to shelter the men. Families seldom reside in camp. 

 Laborers are housed and boarded by the logger. 



Topography and Bottom. — The region ranges from rolling to 

 rugged and in many sections difficult logging problems are 

 encountered. Underbrush is heavy in the coast forests where 

 rainfall is abundant. 



Felling and Log-making. — FeUing and log-making are done by 

 separate crews. Fallers who work in crews of two may or may 

 not do the notching. Two log buckers who work alone are 

 required for each crew of fallers. Logs are cut in even lengths 

 of 24 feet or more. 



Yarding. — Power logging is now almost universal, the slack- 

 rope system (p. 208) being the predominant form. A few 

 cableway skidders (p. 196) are in operation and are gaining in 

 popularity for handling small and medium-sized timber. 



Animal logging is found only on small operations where the 

 "chance" is favorable and the output limited. 



Transport, (i) Road Engine. — A road engine sometimes 

 takes logs from the yarding engine to a stream or railroad 

 (p. 218). This practice is less common than formerly. 



(2) Locomotive. — A geared locomotive may be employed to 

 drag the logs over the crossties to a landing along the railroad 

 (p. 220). 



(3) Railroad. — The most desirable practice is to place the 

 yarding engines along the logging railroad. Logs are loaded 

 on fiat or skeleton cars or log trucks and hauled to the mill, to 

 a driveable stream, or to tide-water. When yarding engines 

 are employed cars are loaded with jacks or with a gin-pole, and 

 when the cableway skidder is used the logs are loaded with a 

 special device provided for that purpose. Cars are unloaded 

 by hand methods, log dumps, or other special unloading 

 devices. 



(4) Rafting. — Logs are usually rafted and are seldom floated 

 singly to the mill. 



