56 THE 



Rochester meeting, Prof. Van Slyke ad- 

 vised eighty pounds sulphur, forty pounds 

 of lime, forty-two gallons water as being 

 better than the formula which is generally 

 used, of one hundred and twelve pounds 

 sulphur, sixty pounds lime and forty-two 

 gallons of water. Then dilute the above 

 to six barrels for the dormant spray. 



FOR SUMMER SPRAY 



Use at a strength of one and a half 

 gallons to a barrel, practiclly one to thirty 

 of water. He had seen no burning in 

 using fifty-three barrels on two and a half 

 acre orchard, except in the case of one 

 barrel which the men had forgotten to 

 stir. 



In the yard where one tree was not 

 sprayed there were no Nos i or 2 apples. 

 One Gravenstein tree had sixteen boxes 

 on the sprayed side and none on the 

 side not sprayed. Under one Snow ap- 

 ple tree on the side that was not sprayed 

 the ground was covered with apples, 

 while on the sprayed side the apples all 

 hung on. 



Mr. Thompson is greatly in favor of 

 lime and sulphur, being satisfied that it 

 will replace the Bordeaux as being more 

 satisfactory, more economical and more 

 uniform in quality. 



HOME BOILED CHEAPER 



The cost of the home-boiled solution is 

 about as follows : 



112 pounds sulphur $1.68 



60 pounds lime 25 



Fuel 10 



Labor, at $2.50 per day 50 



$2-53 

 This cost of two dollars and fifty cents 

 for what will make six barrels, is forty- 

 two cents a barrel. 



The commercial brand will cost from 

 eight dollars to eight dollars and fifty 

 cents a barrel ; taking off the value of the 

 barrel at seventy-five cents, leaves it at 

 seven dollars and twenty-five cents to 

 seven dollars and seventy-five cents, say 

 seven dollars and a half a barrel, which 

 will make eight barrels, and costs ninety- 

 four cents a barrel, or more than double 

 the cost of the home-boiled material. It 

 is not safe to use commercial lime-sulphur 

 weaker than one to eight for San Jose 

 scale. He advised using home-made 

 concentrated lime-sulphur and putting 

 plenty on. A few cents saved in material 

 is nothing considering the risk taken in 

 not using a sufficient quantity. The solu- 

 tion can be boiled in barrels by steam. 

 He had boiled the solution in twenty min- 

 utes, but advised one hour. Many people 

 think that the material is boiling when it 

 is really not. A thermometer should be 

 used in order to test the heat. 



Poor results in spraying are frequently 

 due to not having kept the material at the 

 boiling point sufficiently long. Boil one 

 hour after the water boils. If using 

 steam have it at a high pressure. In or- 

 der to spray his trees thoroughly he 



CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 



March, 191 1 



An Old Orchard in Netd of^Bearing Wood Lower Down. Fi{. No. 2 



The tops should be cut back to encourage suckers to develop. Old orchards can be renewed 

 in this way. See preceding page for description. 



pruned severely, bringing trees fifty years 

 old down to within ten to twelve feet of 

 the ground ; in a number of cases the 

 limbs where cut were six inches in diam- 

 eter. 



OTHER VIEWS 



Mr. L. Caesar, B.L.A, of the Depart- 

 ment of Biology, Ontario Agricultural 

 College, gave as his opinion that there 

 was no doubt that dilute lime-sulphur, 

 either commercial or home-boiled, or Bor- 

 deaux, will give equally good results as a 

 summer wash. The weakness of Bor- 

 deaux is that for some unknown reason, 

 especially in some seasons, it will rust the 

 fruit. One advantage is that either Paris 

 green or arsenite of lime can be used, 

 while with lime-sulphur the only safe poi- 

 son is arsenate of lead, which has been 

 proven to increase the efficiency of the 

 lime-sulphur fifty per cent. The lime- 

 sulphur will give a better color to the 

 fruit. Thorough spraying gives the best 

 results. 



The old formula of twenty pounds lime, 

 fifteen pounds sulphur and forty gallons 

 of water, boiling one hour, gave good re- 

 sults, but the concentrated is more eco- 

 nomical and convenient, and will save 

 fuel, labor, time and money. 



BUT OR MAKE CONCENTRATED 



A co-operative company can save 

 money for its members by boiling for the 

 society. An individual with not more 

 than three hundred trees had better buy 

 it, while if the man has a large number 

 of trees he can make it much cheaper than 

 he can buy the solution ; but if he has 

 only a few trees, or is commencing to 

 spray, he had much better buy a commer- 

 cial brand. 



There are a number of different formu- 

 lae, all very similar. As 'every pound of 



good lime will unite with two pounds of 

 sulphur, he preferred the following, 

 which he uses himself: One hundred 

 pounds sulphur; fifty pounds lime, and 

 forty gallons water. 



Bring the forty gallons of water nearly 

 to boil, put in the lime, stirring it well,, 

 then put in the sulphur, working it up 

 with the hands, or working through a 

 sieve. It is not necessary to mix it up in 

 a paste, as is frequently advised. Boil 

 about an hour, stirring with a hoe, when 

 it will be found to have boiled down to 

 about two-thirds of the original amount, 

 and will read about 1.305 specific gravity, 

 of .33 Baume, on the hydrometer. If 

 the above is diluted to forty gallons it will 

 be found to read about 1.275 on the hy- 

 drometer. If the mixture is boiled by 

 steam there will be no reduction in vol- 

 ume, and it will read 1.275 specific grav- 

 ity. To test, let it settle and cool. 



To dilute it for San Jose scale requires 

 a specific gravity of 1.035 '^or good re- 

 sults. To find the dilution, divide thirty- 

 five into two hundred and seventy-five, 

 which will give 7.8, which means that 

 every gallon should be diluted to 7.8, or 

 that 6 4-5 gallons should be added to 

 each gallon of the mixture. The summer 

 wash is most successfully used at a speci- 

 fic gravity of i.oog, when by the same 

 process we find that it will need to be di- 

 luted to thirty and one-half gallons, or 

 that twenty-nine and one-half gallons 

 of water should be added to every gallon 

 of the mixture, .^s a rule, the manufac- 

 turers of the commercial brands claim a 

 specific gravity of 1.300, and advise a 

 dilution of one to eleven and one to thirty- 

 five, which is usually somewhat weak to 

 give good results. The commercial mix- 



