158 



THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 



July, 191 1 



a little more so, and then advertise it 

 extensively. It is well known that the 

 quality of our fruits, and tJie apple in 

 jparticular, cannot be excelled anywhere. 

 What need we fear then from competi- 

 tion if we meet that competition not by 

 higher duties, but by the finest quality 

 fruit, properly put up and displayed and 

 advertised ? 



We should be more enthusiastic over 

 our own fruits and take a greater pride 

 in them than we do. If we did there 

 would not be such a big demand through- 

 out the entire year for California fruits. 

 Canadian fruits of the same standard or 

 grade are in every case, with the excep- 

 tion of the grape, superior to the Cali- 

 fornia fruits of the same kind. 



Black Rot Fungus 



Prof. W. S. Blair, Mudandd Collcic, Que. 



This disease appears on the leaves 

 . in the form of brownish spots, appear- 

 ing somewhat like the burning from us- 

 ing too strong a mixture of paris green. 

 The black rot fungus, Sphaeropsis mal- 

 orum, attacks the fruit usually when 

 nearly mature. Apples attacked decay 

 quickly, becoming brown at first with 

 blackish discolorations under the skin, 

 and as the disease progresses, the whole 

 fruit becomes blackened. The apple re- 

 mains firm at first, but gradually dries 

 out and becomes wrinkled and shrunk- 

 en. Under the skin of such apples small 

 black dots or pustules may be seen, 

 which are the spore-producing bodies of 

 the fungus, and from these the .spores 

 escape. The fungus may gain an en- 

 trance through cracks or wounds, and 

 generally attacks the larger branches or 

 trunk, producing canker spots in the 

 bark. Spore-producing bodies may form 

 also in these diseased areas. 



AH diseased fruit should be destroy- 

 ed, and Bordeaux mixture as applied for 

 apple scab fungus will do good in con- 

 trolling the black rot. The diseased 

 spots should be carefully cut around to 

 good healthy bark and washed out with 

 a copper sulphate solution, using one 

 pound to five or ten gallons of water. 

 After this has dried, cover the wound 

 with a thick white lead paint. I do not 

 think the corrosive sublimate is advis- 

 able. Copper sulphate solution as above 

 can be applied to the bark at any time, 

 but it will of course injure the foliage. 

 Double strength Bordeaux will not in- 

 jure the bark. — W. .S. Blair. 



Common Foes 



Tent and forest caterpillars have been 

 very numerous this year in parts of On- 

 tario and have caused much damage. 

 They are two different species of hairy 

 caterpillars, and are found on fruit and 

 shade trees. If a grower is spraying his 

 fruit trees faithfi^lly with arsenate of 

 lead in any shape, this of itself will pre- 



vent injury from tent caterpillars, since 

 any internal poison is fatal to them. 



The tents may be crushed with the 

 gloved hand, when they can be reached 

 at a time when the caterpillars are in- 

 side; or they can be burned by a torch 

 on the end of a pole; or they can be 

 twisted out of their reach by means of 

 a wire brush made for the purpo.se at- 

 ta'ched to the end of a long pole. The.se 

 remedies are effectual only when the 

 caterpillars are in their tents, early in 

 the morning, or in stormy, wet weather. 

 Even on trees which are not ordinarily 

 sprayed, a single spraying of arsenate 

 of lead, when caterpillars are observed, 

 would probably stop their depredations. 



W^hen full grown, these caterpillars 

 spin cocoons, whitish or yellowish in 

 color, from which emerge brownish 

 moths that lay their eggs in a ring 

 around the small twigs of fruit and shade 

 trees. These eggs .go through the win- 

 ter, and frequently in pruning a farmer 

 or orchardist will observe them, and can 

 prune off the twig holding the eggs, and 

 destroy the same. 



CUTWORMS 



Cutworms have been very injurious 

 this year. Poisoned bait, made of bran 

 mash, sweetened with cheap sugar, or 

 molasses, and made decidedly green with 

 a liberal application of Paris green, is 

 a very good remedy in a garden. A 

 tablespoonful of this should be put at 

 frequent intervals among the plants sub- 

 ject to attack, not, however, nearer than 

 twelve inches to the plant ; for, in 'case 

 of rain, the Pans green might be washed 



against the roots, and would injure or 

 kill the plant. Thorough cultivation is 

 an aid. 



Pieces of shingle or board, placed at 

 intervals over the garden, serve as traps 

 under which the cutworms hide toward 

 morning, and where they can be found 

 and killed. Frequently the depredator 

 will be found within an inch or .so of the 

 plant rut, buried an inch under the soil. 



THE GEEEIf CABBAGE-WOEM 



Give children a few cents to make nets 

 of mosquito bar and catch the white but- 

 terflies flitting over your cabbage and 

 cauliflower fields, since the female butter 

 flies deposit the eggs from which thv 

 cabbage-worm comes. Children might 

 well be paid, aLso, for picking off the 

 green worms before they have done much 

 injury. 



Spraying with Paris green is quite 

 commonly practised, and cabbage will 

 stand a strong application. A spray as 

 strong as five pounds of Paris green in 

 a fifty-gallon barrel of water has been 

 used with success. Cabbage may be 

 sprayed up to within a week or so of 

 being gathered, when necessary, with- 

 out any damage whatever, or ' any 

 danger. 



To carry on co-operation successfully, 

 it is absolutely necessary that you have 

 good ofiicers, men who are willing to 

 devote themselves to the interests of the 

 company. To my mind co-operation is 

 the only solution of the fruit growing 

 problem. — A. E. Dewar, Charlottetown, 

 P. E. I. 



A Peach Orchard in Lambton County, Ont., where it was thought Peaches 



could not be Grown. 



The peach orchard here shown Is that of Johnson Bros., Frest, Lambton Co.. Ont. The trees 

 shown are three years old. Year by year it is being discovered that the tender fruit districts of 

 Ontario are much more extensive than was formerly supposed. Mr. D. Johnson may be seen in 

 the foreground. An experiment will be tried this year of marketing the i>eache8 from this or- 

 chard direct to the consumer. 



