26 



THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW 



is not only absorbed by the walls, or may 

 he absorbed by ^'them, but it rises up 

 through the opening already mentioned, 

 and is condensed upon. the roof ovenhead. 

 1 have seen frost two inches thick on the 

 roof boards above the sawdust, but it is 

 away from the bees and does no harm, 



As Mr. Root says, the primary fault 

 with the Krause cellar is in not being 

 wholly under ground, away from the 

 influence of the outside temperature. 1 

 don't know what is the temperature of 

 the earth down below the frost-line, but 

 1 judge that it can't be far from 40 or 

 50 degrees. When living at Rogersville 

 we got water at a spring (Bro. Root will 

 remember it) and the temperature of 

 this water did not vary much from 50 

 degrees, summer or winter. Again, I 

 one winter, at Rogersville, wintered 32 

 colonies of bees in a clamp. There was 

 a foot of straw over the hives, then a 

 foot of earth, then six inches of coarse 

 manure, then another foot of earth, 

 covered with another coating of coarse 

 manure. Through a small tube reach- 

 ing down from the top of the clamp to 

 the bottom, inside. I suspended a ther- 

 mometer by a string. I often pulled up 

 the thermometer by the string and noted 

 the temperature. All winter long it did 

 not vary from 43 degrees. If we get 

 back into the earth, away from outside 

 influences, there will be no difficulty m 

 keeping the temperature between 40 and 

 50 degrees, probably about 45 degrees, 

 and there will be no fluctuations, as 

 when artificial heat is used. Of course, 

 I don't know whether it would be possi- 

 ble or not, but, if it is, I would bank up 

 the earth around that one-third of the 

 cellar that is out of doors at the Krause 

 home, letting the earth slope off so 

 gradually that the cellar would all be 

 practically under ground. Mr. Krause 

 says that the floor above the cellar is of 

 chaff, six inches thick, then some more 

 chafT on top of the floor. He does not 

 say how much more chaff is used on top 

 of the floor. This is quite important. 

 Much heat may be escaping through this 



floor. After banking up the cellar with 

 earth, and tripling the thickness of the 

 protection above, if necessary, ventilation 

 should be provided by a three-foot shaft 

 passing directly up through the building, 

 and protected above, outside, by a hood. 

 Let there be a slide so that the opening 

 to this shaft may be contracted if neces- 

 sary. So far as the wintering of the 

 bees is concerned, the shaft is unneces- 

 sary. That is, the moisture might be 

 allowed to escape directly into the room 

 above, but it would make the room and 

 its contents very damp — coat the walls 

 with frost, just as Mr. Krause says 

 happened to the walls of the cellar that 

 are out of doors. 



Referring again to the hygrometer, 

 with the dry bulb at 45 degrees, I would 

 like not much less than three degrees of 

 difference between that and the wet bulb — 

 four would be very dry for a bee cellar. 

 The drier the air the greater the differ- 

 ence. 



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