THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW 



S35 



and the honey industry of California. 

 Several counties have already passed 

 ordinances restricting the moving- of 

 bees; and, in fact, debarring the im- 

 portation of any bees or used bee hive 

 fixtures, etc., from a point from within 

 twenty-five miles of a known infection of 

 black brood. More counties should, we 

 believe, pass such ordinances; and in 

 the case of those counties infected in 

 which there are large areas still free 

 of disease, (many California counties are 

 as large or larger than some of the 

 Eastern states) we would advocate the 

 establishment of quarantine lines. We 

 spent when in the field, a considerable 

 time mapping out the infected area, and 

 such a quarantine line should by all 

 means be established east and west 

 across Kings and Tulare counties, along 

 the south boundary of the present infec- 

 tion. This will include the orange belt 

 south of the line, and prevent the usual 

 influx of migrants from the north to the 

 orange groves of Exeter and Lindsay, 

 and so curtail somewhat the wholesale 

 spread of the disease next and succeeding 

 springs. 



NOTES ON THE CAUSE AND TRANSMISSION OF 

 BLACK BROOD. 



The cause of black brood has not yet 

 been definitely established; but from 

 what has been said it is readily seen to 

 be a specific disease of a very infectuous 



nature. Certain field observations made 

 by us would indicate a rise and fall in 

 virulence suggestive of a life cycle; but 

 nothing definite has yet been arrived at. 

 Not knowing the cause of the disease, 

 its methods of transmission are obscure. 

 In the infected apiaries every apiary is 

 touched. This we found to be true with 

 two striking exceptions. The two apiaries 

 in question were to the windward of a 

 low chain of hills, and so protected from 

 the prevailing winds bearing southward 

 from the original seat of infection. A 

 little farther to the east there was a gap 

 in the hills, and apiaries to the south and 

 opposite the gap were infected. Out in 

 the valley to the west, infection increased, 

 reaching .its height due southeast of 

 Selma and Traver in direct line with the 

 prevailing winds from the original seat 

 of infection. The question naturally 

 raised in one's mind is, "Is the wind a 

 channel of transmission of the infection?" 

 While more data will have to be col- 

 lected to establish this fact, yet we feel 

 like calling attention to it, and with it to 

 the need of further investigations into the 

 nature and cause of this dreaded disease. 

 This, together with concerted and prompt 

 remedial action on the part of bee 

 keepers, supplemented by the introduc- 

 tion of better and resistant stock, are the 

 lines along which relief must come. 



Berkley, Calif., Aug. 15. 1910. 



Things that Might be Gained by Co-Operation, 

 Advertising and Business Methods. 



E. B. TYRRELL. 



HRIEND Hutchinson: I read your 

 editorial in May Review, on 

 "Selling the Honey Crop to the 

 Best Advantage," with a great deal of 

 interest. I think you ought to be con- 

 gratulated on covering the ground so 

 thoroughly. It is certainly worth a care- 



ful reading by every progressive bee 

 keeper. 



I believe you understand my position 

 on this selling question. I have given the 

 matter a great deal of thought and 

 study, and am satisfied that the only true 

 solution to the whole problem is a proper 



