FLORA OF THE CARBONIFEROUS EPOCH. 



57 



found connected with the cone-like fructification called 

 Flemingites, and resembling Lycopodium (woodcut 44, Fig. 

 4). Many forms of fossil plants, such as Halonia, Lepidophloios, 

 Kuorria, and Ulodendron, belong to the Lepidodendron group. 

 Knorria is said to be the internal cast of a Lepidodendron. 



Ulodendron minus and U. Taylori (Plate III. Fig. 11), 

 found in ferruginous shale in the Water of Leith, near 

 Colinton, exhibit beautiful sculptured scars, ranged recti- 

 linearly along the stem. The surface is covered with small, 

 sharply relieved obovate scales, most of them furnished with 

 an apparent midrib, and with their edges slightly turned up. 

 The circular or oval scars of this genus are probably impres- 

 sions made by a rectilinear range of aerial roots placed on 

 either side. When decorticated, the stem is mottled over 

 with minute dottings arranged in a 

 quincuncial manner, and its oval scars 

 are devoid of the ordinary sculpturings. 

 Bothrodendron is a decorticated con- 

 dition of Ulodendron. 



Calamites (fcaXa/xo?, a reed) is a 

 reed-like fossil, having a sub-cylindri- 

 cal jointed stem (Fig. 45, a and h ; 

 Fig. 46; Plate IV. Fig. 4). The stem is 

 often crushed and flattened, and was originally hollow. Cala- 

 mites is thus defined by Grand d'Eury (Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, 

 vol. iv. p. 124) : — Stem articulated, fistular, and 

 septate; outer part comparatively thin, formed of 

 three concentric zones — 1, an exterior cortical layer 

 now converted into coal ; 2, a thin subjacent zone 

 of vascular tissue, now invariably destroyed ; 3, a 

 sort of inner lining epidermis, which is carbonified. Cortical 

 envelope marked interiorly with regular flutings, interrupted 

 and alternate at the articulations. Inner epidermis smooth, 



Fi.cr. 45 a. 



Fiir. 45 6. 



Fig. 45. a, Calamites Suckovii, composed of jointed striated frag- 

 ments having a bark. Fig. 45. b, Septum or phragma of a Calamite. 



