PART (.-MORPHOLOGY. 



INTRODUCTION. 



The following course of elementary botany has been designed in order to give the 

 student a general idea of the principles of the science, rather than a comprehensive survey 

 of the whole vegetable kingdom. In a short course of this nature it is impossible to include 

 examples of every group, and therefore those types have been selected with which it is moat 

 important that the student should become acquainted. 



In order to derive full advantage from the course, the following elementary rules of 

 laboratory procedure must be observed: 



Use of Microscope. Always see that the eye-piece and objectives are clean. 

 Lenses can usually be cleaned by breathing on them and then wiping them with a 

 clean cloth, preferably of silk. If any balsam has got on to the objective, the attention 

 of the demonstrator should be called to it. 



When examining an object always use the low power first. When focussing with 

 the high power use the fine adjustment only and be very careful to avoid touching the 

 cover glass with the objective. 



Use the plane mirror with the low power and the concave with the high. 



Microscope Preparations. Always clean slides and cover-glasses before use. 



When covering an object, hold the cover-glass by the edges, in order to avoid leaving 

 finger-marks on it. Lower it gently on to the drop of liquid to avoid the inclusion of air- 

 bubbles. Be very careful not to use too much liquid for mounting objects, as in this case 

 it will run on to the top of the cover-glass and obscure vision. If this happens make a new 

 preparation. 



Drawing. Make your drawings in the spaces provided for them. Do not make 

 rough drawings on other paper and later on transfer them into this book ; above all only 

 draw what you see, not what you imagine to be present, and do not make copies of 

 diagrams from text- books. Always use a sharp pencil. Labe^ every structure shown 

 in your drawings and insert the scales to which they are made. 



