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210 EVOLUTION IN BIOLOGY VI 
tion with a firmer scientific basis than it already 
possessed. Moreover, whatever the value of 
Goethe’s labours in that field, they were not 
published before 1820, long after evolutionism had 
taken a new departure from the works of Trevir- 
anus and Lamarck—the first of its advocates who 
were equipped for their task with the needful 
large and accurate knowledge of the phenomena of 
life, asa whole. It is remarkable that each of 
these writers seems to have been led, independ- 
ently and contemporaneously, to invent the same 
name of “ Biology” for the science of the pheno- 
mena of life; and thus, following Buffon, to have 
recognised the essential unity of these phenomena, 
and their contradistinction from those of inanimate 
nature. And it is hard to say whether Lamarck 
or Treviranus has the priority in propounding the 
main thesis of the doctrine of evolution; for 
though the first volume of Treviranus’s “ Biologie” 
appeared only in 1802, he says, in the preface to 
his later work, the “ Erschemungen und Gesetze 
des organischen Lebens,” dated 1831, that he 
wrote the first volume of the “ Biologie ” “nearly 
five-and-thirty years ago,” or about 1796. 
Now, in 1794, there is evidence that Lamarck 
held doctrines which present a striking contrast to 
those which are to be found in the “ “Philosophie 
Zoologique,” as the following passages show :— 
**685. Quoique mon unique objet dans cet article n’ait été que- 
de traiter de la cause physique de l’entretien de la vie des etre: 
