XI PHENOMENA OF ORGANIC NATURE 457 
related to the horse indeed. So we may say that 
animals, in an anatomical sense nearly related to 
the horse, have those parts which are rudimentary 
in him fully developed. 
Again, the sheep and the cow have no cutting- 
teeth, but only a hard pad inthe upper jaw. That 
is the common characteristic of ruminants in 
general. But the calf has in its upper jaw some 
rudiments of teeth which never are developed, and 
never play the part of teeth at all. Well, if 
you go back in time, you find some of the older, 
- now extinct, allies of the ruminants have well- 
developed teeth in their upper jaws; and at the 
present day the pig (which is in structure closely 
connected with ruminants) has well-developed 
teeth in its upper jaw; so that here is another 
instance of organs well-developed and very useful, 
in one animal, represented by rudimentary organs, 
for which we can discover no purpose whatsoever 
in another closely allied animal. The whalebone 
whale, again, has horny “ whalebone” plates in its 
mouth, and no teeth; but the young fetal whale 
before it is born has teeth in its jaws; they, how- 
ever, are never used, and they never come to any- 
thing. But other members of the group to which 
the whale belongs have well-developed teeth in ~ 
both jaws. 
Upon any hypothesis of special creation, facts of 
this kind appear to me to be entirely unaccount- 
able and inexplicable, but they cease to be so if 
