XIII. 



MEANS OF THE EXPKESSION OF THE 

 EMOTIONS. 



VOCAL OEGANS. 



Expression With many kinds of animals, man included, 



tions* 5 mo " the vocal organs are efficient in the highest de- 

 page 83. gree as a means of expression. We have seen 

 in the last chapter that, when the sensorium is strongly- 

 excited, the muscles of the body are generally thrown 

 into violent action ; and, as a consequence, loud sounds 

 are uttered, however silent the animal may generally be, 

 and although the sounds may be of no use. Hares and 

 rabbits, for instance, never, I believe, use their vocal 

 organs, except in the extremity of suffering ; as, when a 

 wounded hare is killed by the sportsman, or when a 

 young rabbit is caught by a stoat. Cattle and horses 

 suffer great pain in silence, but when this is excessive, 

 and especially when associated with terror, they utter 

 fearful sounds. 



That animals utter musical notes is fa- 

 miliar to every one, as we may daily hear in 

 the singing of birds. It is a more remarkable fact that 

 an ape, one of the Gibbons, produces an exact octave of 

 musical sounds, ascending and descending the scale by 



