Mimicry 55 



one, which is especially remarkable, and which has been thoroughly 

 investigated, Papilio dardantis (inerope), a large, beautiful, diurnal 

 butterfly which ranges from Abyssinia throughout the whole of Afiica 

 to the south coast of Cape Colony. 



The males of this form are everywhere almost the same in colour 

 and in form of wings, save for a few variations in the sparse black 

 markings on the pale yellow ground. But the females occur in 

 several quite different forms and colourings, and one of these only, 

 the Abyssinian form, is like the male, while the other three or four 

 are mimetic, that is to say, they copy a butterfly of quite a different 

 family the Danaids, which are among the immune forms. In each 

 region the females have thus copied two or three different immune 

 species. There is much that is interesting to be said in regard to 

 these species, but it would be out of keeping with the general tenor 

 of this paper to give details of this very complicated case of poly- 

 morphism in P. dardanus. Anyone who is interested in the matter 

 will find a full and exact statement of the case in as far as we know 

 it, in Poulton's Essa}/s oil Evolution (pp. 3/3 — 3/5^). I need only add 

 that three difterent mimetic female forms have been reared from the 

 eggs of a single female in South Africa. The resemblance of these 

 forms to their immune models goes so far that even the details of the 

 local forms of the models are copied by the mimetic species. 



It I'cmains to be said that in Madagascar a butterfly, Papilio 

 meriones, occurs, of which both sexes are very similar in form and 

 markings to the non-mimetic male of P. dardamis, so that it probably 

 represents the ancestor of this latter species. 



In face of such facts as these every attempt at another explana- 

 tion must fail. Similarly all the other details of the case fulfil the 

 preliminary postulates of selection, and leave no room for any 

 other interpretation. That the males do not take on the protective 

 colouring is easily explained, because they are in general more 

 numerous, and the females are more important for the preservation 

 of the species, and must also live longer in order to deposit their 

 eggs. We find the same state of things in many other species, and 

 in one case {Elymnins nndularis) in which the male is also mimeti- 

 cally coloured, it copies quite a difterently coloured immune species 

 fi-om the model followed by the female. This is quite hitelligible 

 when we consider that if there were too many false immune types, 

 the birds would soon discover that Liiere were palatable individuals 



* Professor Poulton haa corrected acme wrong descriptions which I had unfortunately 

 overlooked in the Plates of my book Vortriige Uber Dcscendcnztheorie, and wliich refer 

 to Papilio dardanui {merope). These mistakes are of no importance as far as an under- 

 etandiuR of the mimicry-theory is concerned, but I hope shortly to be able to correct 

 them in a later edition. 



