The Darwinians and Language 527 



indicated in the extract given above. He appended to the pamphlet 

 a genealogical tree of the Indo-Germanic languages which, though to 

 a large extent confirmed by later research, by the dichotomy of each 

 branch into two other branches, led the unwary reader to suppose 

 their phylogeny (to use Professor Haeckel's term) was more regular 

 than our evidence warrants. 



Without qualification Schleicher declared languages to be "natural 

 organisms which originated unconditioned by the human will, de- 

 veloped according to definite laws, grow old and die ; they also are 

 characterised by that series of phenomena which we designate by the 

 term 'Life.' Consequently Glottic, the science of language, is a 

 natural science; its method is in general the same as that of the 

 other natural sciences^" In accordance with this view he declared^ 

 that the root in language might be compared with the simple cell in 

 physiology, the linguistic simple cell or root being as yet not difte- 

 rentiated into special organs for the function of noun, verb, etc. 



In this probably all recent philologists admit that Schleicher went 

 too far. One of the most fertile theories in the modern science of 

 language originated with him, and was further developed by his pupil, 

 August Leskien^, and by Leskien's colleagues and friends, Brugmann 

 and Osthofi". This was the principle that phonetic laws have no ex- 

 ceptions. Under the influence of this generalisation much greater 

 precision in etymology was insisted upon, and a new and remarkably 

 active period in the study of language began. Stated broadly in 

 the fashion given above the principle is not true. A more accurate 

 statement would be that an original sound is represented in a given 

 dialect at a given time and in a given environment only in one way ; 

 provided that the development of the original sound into its repre- 

 sentation in the given dialect has not been influenced by the working 

 of analogy. 



It is this proviso that is most important for the characterisation 

 of the science of language. As I have said elsewhere, it is at this 

 point that this science parts company with the natural sciences. 

 *' If the chemist compounds two pure simple elements, there can be 

 but one result, and no power of the chemist can prevent it. But the 

 minds of men do act upon the sounds which they produce. The 

 result is that, when this happens, the phonetic law which would have 



1 Die Darwiruche Theorie, p. 6 f. ^ op. cit. p. 23. 



2 Die Declination im Slavinch-litanischen und Gennanisclien, Leipzig, 1876; Osthoff 

 and Biugmann, Morphologische Untersuchungfii, i. (Introduction), 1878. The general 

 principles of this school were formulated (1880) in a fuller form in H. Paul's Prinzipien 

 der Sprachyegchichte, Ilalle (Hrd edition, l.S;(8). Paul and Wiiudt (in his V'nlki-rpsycJwlogie) 

 deal largely with the snine matter, but begin their investigations from different points of 

 view, Paul being a philologist with leanings to philosophy and Wuudt a philosopher 

 iatere.sted in language. 



