THE HUMAN SPECIES. 349 



been carried westward, not only by migrating Xegroes. 

 but also by the Ethiopia Stem, by Mongols, and even 

 Gomerians, in their progress to Europe. India being 

 at that early period a scene of conflict, the invaders 

 found sovereignties either already established, or formed 

 them by degrees, as their irruptions became permanent. 

 In the north-east, the Euro-Caucasians, established on 

 the left of the Ganges the state of Tirhut ; Canya 

 Cubja occupied the upper parts of the river. Seres- 

 wati, the present Punjaub and Utkala contained the 

 greater part of Bengal. On the south and west 

 there arose Gujara, Rushtra or Gujrat, Patala on the 

 Lower Indus, with other kingdoms already named. 

 Khandeish, further to the south, Mura, or kingdom of 

 Mahrustra, now Mahratta State, subdued, perhaps, by 

 Arii or Arai, in the centre, with the Dekhan and 

 Kanara, on the extreme point of the peninsula. But 

 sanguinary and protracted wars alone permitted the 

 white races to become dominant and to effect a gradual 

 intermixture. 



Wars, producing total subjugation, by one race over 

 another, bear the character of extermination ; they 

 necessitate the weaker party to seek safety in flight 

 and migration : nor is the result very different where 

 the races are already partially intermixed, for then a 

 ruling caste, descended from the last victors, is driven 

 to the same course, or to total loss of all supremacy, 

 unless the chances of the conflict are sufficiently 

 chequered, to cause the earlier and later invaders to 

 coalesce by compromise. Now, if the Pandoo heroes, 



