THE HUMAN SPECIES. 369 



tribes class that have peopled Europe and Western 

 Asia almost exclusively, its typical characters are easily 

 ascertained. The beard is neither villous nor woolly, 

 but spreading over the lips, chin, and the whole of the 

 nether jaw ; it fringes the sides of the face up to the 

 temples, and is crisp, curly, or undulating, but never 

 quite straight or lank, as in the Mongolian. The 

 skull is larger than in the other forms ; it is oblong, 

 rounded, with the cerebral portion more developed, 

 containing from 75 to 109 cubic inches; the facial 

 angle is more vertical, rising from 75 degrees to 

 nearly 90. The face is oval, the eyes large, open, 

 horizontal, the pupils passing from hazel or brown on 

 one hand to dark, nearly black, and on the other to 

 deep blue, grey, light blue, and even greenish (pink- 

 coloured pupils occur only in extreme cases of al- 

 binism) ; the hair is abundant on the head, curly, wav- 

 ing or lank, varying in shades of colours from very 

 deep brown to auburn, xanthous and fiery red, usually 

 corresponding, but not always, to the beard and eye- 

 brows, and sometimes from infancy marked with grey, 

 which in advancing life, in both sexes, is sure to come 

 on till the whole is turned white. In general the hair 

 harmonizes with the complexion, which varies in the 

 white races from sallow to ruddy and fair. Health 

 has its influence on the colour of the skin in all races ; 

 but in the fair the cheeks are frequently coloured ; the 

 typical races have the mouth small, the teeth set ver- 

 tically, the lips not tumid, and more delicately graceful 

 in outline ; the nose is more prominent, and the wings 



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