76 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 



man of territorial nursing service. In cooperation she has translated Hegel's "History of Philos- 

 ophy" and is a writer of biography. VII 3, John Scott Haldane (born 1860), a physiologist, 

 is joint editor and founder of the Journal of Hygiene. VII 4, Hon. Richard Burdon Haldane 

 (born 1856), a British statesman who became secretary of state for war in 1905. He took first 

 class honors in philosophy at Edinburgh University. VII 5, William Stowell Haldane (born 

 1864), author. VII 7, James Aylmer Lowthorpe Haldane (born 1862), is now a brigadier general 

 in the army and has served with distinction in India and South Africa, winning medals and clasps. 

 He has written, "How we Escaped from Pretoria." 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

 BURKE, SIB B., and A. 1909. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and 



Baronetage. London: Harrison and Son. 2570 pp. 

 CAMPERDOWN, EARL OF. 1898. Admiral Duncan. London: Green and Co. 



18. GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE. 



GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE was born near Stirling, Scotland, January 7, 

 1746. He went to sea at the age of 15 years (1761), sailing on the Gosport, 44 guns, 

 under Captain Jervis. Later he sailed on other naval vessels and then, since 

 prevailing peace gave no chance for advancement, together with his brother he 

 went into the East India Company, in whose service he was commissioned a lieu- 

 tenant in 1767. Reentering the navy, he was assigned to the Mediterranean. 

 Finding English deserters in Nice, he demanded that the authorities deliver them, 

 and when they did not he took up his position off port until he got them. When, 

 on entering the Bay of Naples in command of a small naval vessel, he was not 

 officially received, he threatened to turn back no slaves that escaped to his ship. 

 In 1775, as post captain in command of the Romney, he participated in the Ameri- 

 can revolution, taking American and French ships as prizes. He took an impor- 

 tant part in the seizure of Charleston, South Carolina, where were captured 

 4,000 Americans, numerous weapons, and four war vessels. Sent back to England 

 with dispatches, he was elected to Parliament and later returned to North America, 

 where he helped fight two French vessels off Delaware bay. In 1787 he married 

 a Miss Mercer, an heiress, and in 1788 a daughter was born, the only child of this 

 union. In 1793, as captain of the Robust (74 guns), he joined the Mediterranean 

 fleet to fight against the French revolutionists. At Toulon he was sent to support 

 the land forces, and seized the shore forts. When Toulon was finally evacuated 

 by the English, Elphinstone distinguished himself by getting away all the soldiers 

 and thousands of the refugees. He was now made rear admiral and in 1795 com- 

 mander in chief in Indian waters. He went to Cape Town and participated in 

 the siege and capture of the Cape territory. As the French were now intriguing 

 in India, Elphinstone, after organizing a naval station at Cape Town, made his 

 way to Madras, where he was very ill. Learning that the combined French and 

 Dutch fleets threatened Cape Town, he returned thither despite his illness, found 

 the fleets hi Saldanha bay, cut off all means of retreat for them, and caused them 

 all to surrender without battle (August 1796). He then took the ships to Cape 

 Town, turned them into English ships of war, and returned to England, where he 

 was created Baron Keith. When the mutiny of the Nore broke out, 1797, Keith 

 investigated it and was soon able to restore order; and he was similarly successful 

 at Plymouth. In 1798 Keith was sent as second in command to Jervis, Earl 

 St. Vincent. Owing to lack of harmony among the officers of the fleet, the French 

 squadron at Brest escaped, and though forced by bad weather to return, none of 

 the squadron was captured. St. Vincent's illness now left Keith in supreme com- 



