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HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 



In the case of these naval officers it is probable that some of their most essen- 

 tial qualities came hi the maternal germ-plasm; for Joshua R. Sands's mother 

 had a father who was an army surgeon; Stephen D. Trenchard's mother was 

 a sister of Admiral Joshua R. Sands and of Louis Joseph Sands; the mother's 

 mother's father was Nicholas Cruger, the merchant voyager. 



FAMILY HISTORY OP JOSHUA RATOON SANDS. 



I 1 (F F F F F), James Sands (born in England, 1622), came to America in 1658 and became 

 one of the leading men of Block Island. 12 (F F F F M), Sarah Walker, the only physician 

 and midwife on the island. 



II 1 (F F F F), John Sands (1649-1712), a sea captain. II 2 (F F F M), Sybil Ray. Fra- 

 ternity of F F F F: II 4, Sarah Sands. II 5, Mercy Sands. II 6, Joshua Raymond. 



vnr 



III 1 (F F F), John Sands, born 1683. Ill 2 (F F M), Catherine Guthrie. 



IV 1, George Trenchard, attorney general of west New Jersey in 1767. IV 3 (M F), 

 Richard Ascough, a surgeon in the British army. IV 5 (F F), John Sands (born Block Island, 

 1708-1709). IV 6 (F M), Elizabeth Cornwell. 



V 1, James Trenchard, a designer and engraver of book plates and editor of the Columbian 

 Magazine. V 4 (M), Ann Ascough, born 1761. V 5 (F), Joshua Sands (born Sands' Point, 

 New York, October 1757, and died 1835), supplied clothing and provisions for the American 

 army; was collector of customs, port of New York; manufactured rigging and cables for his 

 own vessels; was Congressman and financier. V 6, Comfort Sands (1748-1834), in 1762 went 

 to New York, where he entered upon a mercantile career, commencing business upon his own 

 account in 1769. He was very active during the Revolution, and in 1777 was a member of the 

 State constitutional convention, and for many years afterwards sat in the State legislature. After 

 the war he became a large ship-owner, and from 1794 until 1798 was president of the Chamber 

 of Commerce. V 7, Sarah Dodge. V 8, Ann de Nully, of Santa Cruz, of French and Dutch 

 extraction. V 9, Nicholas Cruger, a West India merchant. V 10, Tileman Cruger, a West 

 India merchant who lived on the island of CuraQoa. V 11, John Harris Cruger, was chamber- 

 lain of the city of New York and at the outbreak of the Revolution became a lieutenant colonel 

 in the British army. V 16, Henry Cruger, entered a counting-house in Bristol, England, and was 

 elected to Parliament. In 1790 he returned to the United States and became a member of the 

 New York State senate. 



VI 1, John Mortimer Barclay, a captain of the United States army. VI 3, Edward Trench- 

 ard (1784-1824), in 1800 entered the navy as a midshipman and served with distinction in the 

 West Indies and off Tripoli. During 1811 and 1812 he was executive officer of the New York 



