I. Sides of the toes with lobate webs. 5. PHALAROPODIDAE. PHALAROPES. 



II. Sides of toes without lobes. 



A. Tarsus over 3.50. 4. RECURVIROSTRIDAE. STILTS, AVOCETS. 



B. Tarsus under 3.50. 



1. Colors patchy black, white, rufous. 2. APHRIZIDAE. TURNSTONES. 



2. Colors not patchy. 



a. Toes 3 (except Black-bellied Plover). r. CHARADRIIDAE. PLOVERS. 



b. Toes 4 (except Sanderling). 3. SCOLOPACIDAE. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS. 



ORDER 12. LONGIPENNES. Gulls, Terns, Jaegers. 



Mlembers of this order agree in having a well developed tail, long and pointed wings and there- 

 fore great powers of flight. They live over the water instead of in it, gleaning from the surface 

 or diving into it for their food. Their great powers of flight enable them to visit any of the bodies 

 of water inland, where they may be found at some time of year. 



I. Middle tail feathers longest. i. STERCORARIIDAE. JAEGERS. 



II. Tail square. 2. LARINAE. GULLS. 

 HI. Outer tail feathers longest. 3. STERNINAE. TERNS. 



ORDER 13. ANSERES. Ducks, Geese, Swans. 



The members of this group are too well known in general to be carefully treated here. They 

 are all excellent swimmers, and all agree in having tooth-like projections or serrations on the sides 

 of the bill to act as strainers for the mud and water taken into the mouth with the food. They walk 

 fairly well, and all fly well, some with almost incredible swiftness. They are 'Game' birds, and suffer 

 much at the hands of sportsmen. None but geese are ever harmful, and they but seldom. 



I. Bill long and slender, cylindrical. r. MERGINAE. MERGANSERS. 



II. Bill flattened, duck-like. 



A. Lores bare. 5. CVGNINAK. SWANS. 



B. Lores not bare. 



i 1 . Scales on front of tarsus rounded. 4. ANSERINAE. GEESE. 

 2. Scales on front of tarsus square. 



a. Hind toe with a flap or lobe. 3. FULIGULINAE. SEA AND BAY DUCKS. 



b. Hind toe without a flap or lobe. 2. ANATINAE. RIVER AND POND DUCKS. 



ORDER 14. STEGANOPODES. Pelicans, Cormorants, etc. 



Any member of this order may be known at once by the foot, which has all four toes connected 

 together by three webs. They are strong fliers, and all have a larger or smaller gular sac at the base 

 of the bill. In the pelicans this sac is enormous and is used as a dip-net or scoop for catching 

 small fry in the water. 



I. Lores feathered. i. FREGATIDAE. MAN-O'-WAR BIRDS. 



II. Lores bare. 



A. An enormous pouch below the loner bill. 2. PELECANIDAE. PELICANS. 



R. With a small pouch and moderate bill. 3- PHALACROCORACIDAE. CORMORANTS. 



ORDER 15. TUBINARES. Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels. 



One member of this order has accidentally reached the state. The order must be considered as 

 belonging to the oceans, some members of which may sometimes be blown inland by severe storms. 



313. Black=capped Petrel. 



ORDER 16. PYGOPODES. Diving Birds. 



Members of this order occurring in Ohio are duck-like birds, with the legs situated far back on 

 the "body, making an upright posture on land necessary. They walk with great difficulty, using the 

 bill and wings to aid them in hobbling or shuffling along. The wings and tail are short, scarcely 

 reaching the posterior end of the body when folded. The Grebes have no tail. All members of this 

 order are expert divers. 



I. With 3 toes. 3. ALCIDAE. AUKS. MURRES. PUFFINS. 



II. With 4 toes. 



A. Toes with lobate webs. r. PODICIPIDAE. GREBKS. 



B. Toes with webs. 2. GAVIIDAE. LOONS. 



