CATTLE. 33 



the knee, while there is more room for the deep, broad, and capacious chest. He is clean, 

 not fine and slender, but well proportioned in the neck and chaps; a thin and delicate neck 

 would not correspond with the broad shoulders, deep chest, and close, compact form of the 

 breed. The neck of the Galloway bull is thick, almost to a fault. The head is rather heavy; 

 the eyes are not prominent, and the ears are large, rough, and full of long hairs on the inside. 



The Galloway is covered with a loose, mellow skin of medium thickness, and which is 

 clothed with long, soft, silky hair. The skin is thinner than that of the Leicestershire, but 

 not as fine as the hide of the improved Durham breed, yet it handles soft and kindly. Even 

 on the moorland farms, where the cattle during the greater part of the year are fed on the 

 scantiest fare, it is remarkable how little their hides indicate the privations they endure. 

 The prevailing and fashionable color is black, a few are of a dark brindled brown, and 

 still fewer are speckled with white spots, and some of them are of a dun or drab color, 

 perhaps acquired from a cross with the Suffolk breed of cattle. Dark colors are uniformly 

 preferred, from the belief that they indicate hardiness of constitution.&quot; Another eminent 

 authority, Mr. Culley, says of them: &quot;In most respects, except wanting horns, these cattle 

 resemble the Long-Horns, both in color and shape, only they are shorter in their form, which 

 probably makes them weigh less. Their hides seem to be a medium between the Long and 

 Short-Horns, not so thick as the former, nor so thin as the latter, and like the best feeding 

 kind of Short-Horns, they lay their fat upon the most valuable parts, and their beef is well 

 marbled or mixed with fat. They are mostly bred upon the moors or hilly country of 

 Galloway, until rising four or five years old, when they are taken to the fairs in Norfolk and 

 Suffolk, previous to the turnip feeding season, whence the greater part of them are removed 

 in the winter and spring (when fat) to supply the consumption of the capital, where they are 

 readily sold, and at high prices, for few or no cattle sell so high in Smithfield market, owing 

 to their laying their fat in the most valuable parts, and it is no unusual thing to see one of 

 these little bullocks outsell a coarse Lincolnshire bullock, although the latter is heavier by 

 several stones.&quot; 



A century ago the Galloways frequently had small horns, but they are now characterized 

 as entirely hornless, except rarely one may be found hanging loose on the skin, with no 

 development of bone from the skull to attract them to the latter. 



LONG-HORNS. 



THESE cattle formerly had some influence on American stock, but have not been 

 bred to any extent as a distinct breed in this country; neither could the improved 

 Long-Horn be recommended to compete with the popular breeds that have been 

 imported, and are at present used to improve our native stock, although they are not without 

 some valuable characteristics. When compared with superior breeds they cannot in any sense 

 be regarded as rivals, and the application of the natural law of &quot; the survival of the fittest &quot; 

 would condemn them to extinction as a race. 



This breed had its origin in Great Britain, but from what direct source is unknown. 

 Youatt says of them : &quot; In the district of Craven, a fertile corner of the West Eiding of 

 Yorkshire, bordering on Lancashire, and separated from Westmoreland chiefly by the west 

 ern moorlands, there has been, from the earliest records of British Agriculture, a peculiar 

 breed of cattle. They were distinguished from the home-breds of other counties by a 

 disproportionate and frequently unbecoming length of horn. In the old breed, this horn 

 frequently projected nearly horizontal on either side, but as the cattle were improved, the 



