846 THE AMERICAN FARMER. 



The great majority of young Iarvs9 reach the inner bark about September 1st, and 

 have generally all reached it by October 1st. The first half of October is the best time to 

 search for and destroy them. Until that time they have done but little, if any damage, and 

 thefr location is readily detected by their excretions on the trunk of the tree. They are readily 

 found and despatched by shaving off the outer bark with a sharp knife. My plan of oper 

 ation has been to go over my orchards each July or August, and with a sharp hoe clean any 

 weeds, grass, or other litter and a little soil from around the trunk of 

 each tree, and then in October search carefully and kill the borers.&quot; 



The beetle of the flat-headed borer makes its appearance in May 

 or June, and is said, as a rule, to attack only those trees which have 

 their health impaired, or have been injured in some way; also trees 

 overpruned, and those transplanted above the proper size for such a 

 change being more liable to the attack of the borer than those which 

 are undisturbed; hence it follows, as a natural consequence, that keep 

 ing the trees in a healthy condition is one of the best methods of pre 

 venting the attacks of this insect. Various measures are resorted to 

 as a preventive of the attacks of borers. Kerosene oil applied about CHRYSOBOTHRIS FEMOKATA, 



in a , ! i ,1 i -i Fab. :-Flut-headed borer of 



the lower part of the trunk, in the early part of June, scraping away the appic-trce, and of the 

 the soil for this purpose, is a very good remedy; also to hollow out head S a \lrva%ndrslde; 

 the soil four or five inches deep, making a basin, and pouring two ft pupa; dl bcetle - 

 or three gallons of hot water, is very effectual and safe with bearing trees, but for young 

 trees it is better to apply some other remedy, such as the use of wire to run into the hole 

 made by the insect, and crush it to death. This method is, however, not always effectual, as 

 the channels eaten by the worm are frequently very irregular. Scraping away the earth and 

 the trunk, and heaping up ashes around the tree will often prove quite successful in keeping 

 the borer from making a lodgment. 



A wash made of half a gallon each of soft soap, hot water, and six ounces of carbolic 

 acid, with ten gallons of cold water afterwards added, applied early in June, will also prove 

 effectual. Whitewashing, painting with a mixture of soap, lime, and Paris green ; also appli 

 cations of coal tar have been tried with benefit. Cutting out with a sharp knife before the 

 borer enters the wood may be easily accomplished, and the use of a wire to run into the holes 

 made in -the wood, will prove effectual when the insect can be reached. 



Canker- Worm. The canker-worm (Anisopteryx pometaria) is a very destructive 

 enemy, attacking both the fruit and leaves. The eggs from which this worm is hatched are 

 laid by a moth nearly destitute of wings. This moth commences to ascend the trees early in 

 spring, generally in March, laying a number of eggs, from which the brownish, yellow-striped 

 canker-worms are hatched about the middle of May. To prevent the moth from climbing 

 the tree, a cloth band coated with tar, printing ink, or a mixture of tar and oil is frequently 

 fastened around the trunk of the tree. This mixture will need to be renewed every few 

 days, or it will become dry. In attempting to pass this obstruction, the insects are caught 

 by the moist, sticky surface, and die, or may be easily caught and destroyed. Another 

 method is to nail a rope around the trunk of the tree, and afterwards nail a strip of tin five 

 or six inches wide on the rope, or around the trunk, with the lower edge outward. The 

 canker-worm may be driven out of trees that have fruit, by syringing them with a solution of 

 warm lye made of wood ashes and a little kerosene oil. Strong soap suds will also prove 

 effectual. 



Caterpillar. Caterpillars are a great pest in an apple orchard, frequently proving 

 very destructive to the crop. The common or &quot;tent caterpillar&quot; (Clisiocampa amcricana) is 

 the offspring of a reddish brown moth of medium size. These insects are seen in great num 

 bers in midsummer, flying only at night, and often enter houses in the evening, being 



