128 AKISTOTLE S ANHOMCEOMEBIA 



between teeth and horns. He was aware, in fact, of the 

 existence of an inverse relationship between the degrees of 

 development of teeth and horns, such as that referred to and 

 exemplified by Owen.* Aristotle says that no animal has 

 both tusks and horns, nor sharp, interlocking teeth and 

 tusks or horns,! and that, in the larger animals, there is an 

 excess of earthy matter, which is utilized in the formation 

 of defensive weapons, e. g., tusks and horns, but that no 

 animal which has horns has front teeth in the upper as well 

 as the lower jaw, for Nature gives to the horns material 

 which is withheld from the teeth. I 



There does not appear to be any animal known to 

 Aristotle which has tusks and horns. The male tufted deer 

 of China and the male muntjacs have scimitar-like tusks in 

 their upper jaws and small antlers; the antlers of the tufted 

 deer are much smaller than those of the muntjacs, but their 

 tusks are longer. Again, the musk deer and Chinese water 

 deer are without antlers, but the males have very long tusks. 

 The carnivores have sharp, interlocking teeth, and many 

 have exceptionally large canine teeth or tusks, but in none 

 of those known to Aristotle do these project like the tusks 

 of the wild boar, and he is probably referring to tusks of 

 this kind, and not to all canines of large size. 



In his descriptions of the teeth, chiefly in H. A. ii. c. 3, 

 ss. 8-15, and P. A. iii. c. i, Aristotle distinguishes the 

 incisors, the canines, the premolars, together with the 

 molars, and the wisdom teeth. The molars and premolars 

 are taken together, either under the name &quot; gomphioi &quot; or 

 under that of &quot; broad teeth,&quot; on account of their necks and 

 crowns being broad. He also distinguishes between animals 

 like the lion, leopard, and dog, which are carcharodont, or 

 have sharp, interlocking teeth, and animals like the horse 

 and ox, which have anepallaktous teeth, or teeth with flat 

 crowns. Again, he distinguishes a very large group of 

 amphodont animals, with front teeth in each jaw, from a 

 much smaller group, including the ox, deer, and other 

 ruminants, which are non-amphodont, or have front teeth in 

 the lower jaw only. The way in which he seems to have 

 used these dental characters in classifying animals will be 

 discussed in Chapter xv. 



He states, incorrectly, that among some animals, e.g., 

 Man, the sheep, goat, and pig, the males have more teeth 



* Anat. Vertebr. iii. 1868, pp. 348-9. f H. A. ii. c. 3, s. 9. 



J P. A. iii. c. 2, 6636 and 664a. 



