252 AEISTOTLE S ENAIMA, 



whales, those described by Arrian, in particular, being the 

 whales seen during the voyage of Nearchus from the Indus 

 to the Persian Gulf. Two years elapsed between the time 

 of that voyage and the death of Aristotle, but there is 

 nothing to show that he knew anything of the whales seen 

 by Nearchus. 



Aristotle s Phokainais the porpoise (Phoccena communis) , 

 for he says that it is smaller than the dolphin, but relatively 

 wider across the back ; he also says that it is like a small 

 dolphin, and that some considered it to be a kind of dolphin.* 



The viviparous animals with feet form a group which 

 corresponds with the Mammalia, other than the Cetacea. 

 Their chief characteristics are, according to Aristotle, that 

 they are truly viviparous, that they have hairs, that they 

 have mammae and furnish milk, and that they not only have 

 lungs, but also an epiglottis.! 



The number of species referred to by Aristotle cannot be 

 determined. Not less than sixty-six names are mentioned 

 by him, but it is certain that he sometimes applies more 

 than one name to one and the same animal, e.g., he calls 

 the beaver by the names Latax and Kastor, and, possibly, 

 Satyrion and Satherion also. It is also certain that some of 

 the names he employs refer to more than one species or even 

 genus of animals, e.g., his Kamelos includes both Camelus 

 dromedarius and C. bactrianus, his Kebos includes more 

 than one genus of monkeys, and his Nykteris more than 

 one genus of bats. 



Among his viviparous animals with feet, the Non-Am- 

 pliodonta is a fairly well-defined group, and corresponds, 

 as far as it goes, with the Ru?ninantia of modern classifi 

 cations. Their distinguishing feature, according to Aristotle, 

 is the absence of front teeth in the upper jaws, but he 

 erroneously included the camel, which has incisors in the 

 upper jaws, as explained in Chapter x. The chief animals 

 included by Aristotle among the Non-Amphodonta seem to 

 be the following : oxen of various kinds (Tauros, Bom) ; 

 bison (Bonassos) ; sheep of various kinds (Ois, Krios, Pro- 

 baton) ; goats of various kinds (Tragos, Aix, Chimaira) ; 

 oryx (Oryx) ; deer of various kinds (Elaphos, Prox) ; nilgai 

 (Hippelaphos) ; camel (Kamelos) ; gazelle (Dorkas), and 

 the Pardion. 



H. A. vi. c. 11, s. 1. 



f H. A. i. c. 4, s. 1, iii. c. 10, s. 1, iii. c. 16, s. 1 ; G. A. ii. c. 4, 7376 ; 

 P. A. iii. c. 8, 6646. 



