OK ANIMALS WITH BLOOD. 261 



Bartlett, described in graphic terms the intense distress of 

 the poor animal.* Aristotle was not aware how delicate is 

 the trunk of an elephant. 



An erroneous belief in the capability of elephants to 

 perform great feats of strength with their trunks is easily 

 produced, and such a belief is very persistent. About the 

 year 1873 a large elephant, when passing through a village 

 near Dudley, broke down a cast-iron lamp-post. It was 

 long believed, and may still be believed by some, that the 

 elephant did this with its trunk. The few persons who saw 

 what actually took place know, however, that the animal 

 wilfully pressed against the post with its shoulder. 



The Pithelcos, Kebos, and Kynocephalos which, Aris 

 totle says, are of the nature of men and quadrupeds, are 

 sufficiently clearly distinguished by him. The Pithekos, 

 according to him, is without a tail, the Kebos has a tail, and 

 the Kynocephalos is fierce, larger and stronger than Pithekos, 

 and has stronger teeth, and its face is more like that of a 

 dog. t He gives but little further information about Kynoce 

 phalos and Kebos, but gives a fairly long account of Pithekos. 

 He refers to the almost human appearance of its face, teeth, 

 fingers, and nails, its pectoral mammae, its comparatively 

 short humerus and femur, and its habit of spending most of 

 its time on all fours. I 



Aristotle s Kynocephalos is evidently a baboon, the 

 Arabian or sacred baboon being the one with which he would 

 be more likely to be acquainted, his Kebos is a tailed monkey 

 (but to what kind he particularly refers is not clear), and his 

 Pithekos is the Barbary ape. This animal would be more 

 likely to be known by the Ancients than the gorilla and 

 chimpanzee, yet it was long believed that they obtained a 

 knowledge of some kind of anthropoid ape from the Cartha 

 ginians, for it is said that Hanno, during his celebrated 

 voyage in the fifth century B.C., saw some animals of this 

 kind on the extreme west coast of Africa. 



Not only does Aristotle s description of Pithekos apply 

 better to the Barbary ape, but there are passages, e.g., that 

 asserting that the chest of every animal but Man is narrow, 

 which could scarcely have been written by Aristotle if he 

 had been acquainted with the anthropoid apes. Further, 

 with respect to other ancient writers, many passages in 



* Wild Animals in Captivity, 1899, pp. 51-53. 

 f H. A. ii. c. 5, s. 1. I Ibid. ii. 



Ibid. ii. c. 1, s, 3. 



