674 SEC. 15. GEOGRAPHY. 



3199. Ancient Maps of the Sources of the Nile* 



1. 1508 - - - By Ptolemy. 



2. 1550 - - Sebn. Munster. 



3. 15th century - ? 



4. 1618 - ? 



3200. Miscellaneous Contributions by the Geographical 

 Society. 



Three cases of select specimens of Cartography (105 in No.). 



Educational models, various. 



Engraved Portraits of celebrated explorers. 



Barent's relics, 1597 ; water-coloured drawing. 



Pizigani's Map of the World, 1367. 



MAPS, GLOBES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS 

 BY VARIOUS CONTRIBUTORS. 



3201. Models to illustrate the arts of Camp Life. 



Francis Galton, F.R.S. 



This case of models and specimens was made at the same time as 10 others 

 that were constructed in 1858, by order of the War Office, after the design of 

 a set which Mr. Galton caused to he made, and had presented to the Royal 

 Institution at Woolwich in the previous year. Their object was not only to 

 interest and instruct individual soldiers, but rather to suggest to instructors 

 the precise subjects on which practical classes in the arts of camp life may most 

 usefully be engaged. A catalogue accompanies the case in which the models 

 are contained, and in this an asterisk is placed opposite to those objects which 

 Mr. Galton's experience leads him to prefer for the purpose. " An old cam- 

 " paigner's acquirements consist partly in knowledge and partly in handiness. 

 " Field lectures, illustrated by experiments, may convey the first to an 

 " intelligent novice, and it was hoped that these models might serve to 

 " explain what kind of things must be made by his hands, before he can 

 " acquire the latter." 



The examples illustrate the various modes of the production of fire, the 

 procuring, purifying, and carriage of water, cooking, the uses of portable food, 

 substitutes for boats, cattle enclosures, expedients for tools and appliances in 

 various handicrafts, tenting, hutting, and various other needs of camp life. 



3202. Stereoscopic Maps, taken photographically, from 

 models in relief. Francis Galton, F.R S. 



A much clearer notion of the physical features of a country may be obtained 

 from a model in relief than from an ordinary map, however carefully executed, 

 but the great weight and cumbrousness of models makes them unsuitable for 

 the library or for travel. The chief advantages of both methods of illustration 

 may in great measure be secured by stereoscopic maps taken photographically 

 from models. The accompanying specimens were exhibited in illustration of 

 a memoir read before the Royal Geographical Society in 1865, a copy of 

 which is placed beside the photographs. It is there shown that the proposed 

 plan has two other unexpected advantages. First, owing to causes there ex- 

 plained, we are able to deal with models of considerable dimensions both 

 laterally and longitudinally, for when such a model has been photographed 

 stereoscopically in separate squares, and the prints have been properly united, 



