APPENDIX. 951 



The foregoing illustrations are selected from the following publications by 

 Dr. Tinter: 



A. Lectures on elementary geodesy (autobiographies). 



A 1 . Lectures on the theory and practice of geodetical and astronomical 

 instruments. 



B. Mathematical, geodetical, and astronomical instruments (History of 

 Trades and Manufactures and Inventions, 1873). 



C. The perspective index, especially with regard to the construction given 

 to this instrument by G. Starke. 



D. The micrometer. 



E. Universal Exhibition Report on astronomical and geodetical instruments. 



F. Lectures on elementary geodesy, Part II. 



G. G. Starke's universal levelling instrument, with telescope and Stainpfer's 

 surveying screw. 



H. G. Starke's Universal levelling instrument with telescope. 



I. G. Starke's Tachymeter. 



K. Polymeter, by Jahns. 



M. G. Starke's perspective index with turning water level. 



A. Description of Praetorius's table, according to Schwenter, 



3085a. Jacob's Staff, made to take astronomical observa- 

 tions, with double arcs ; 17th century. 



Ministry of Marine, Madrid. 



3085b. Surveying Instruments of the 18th Century. 



Ministry of Marine, Madrid. 



3085c. Two Double Sextants, made in the last century by 

 Davis. Ministry of Marine, Madrid. 



3O89a. Topographical Instrument, called "Cleps," 

 constructed by Messrs. Salmorraghi, Eizzi, and Co., Milan. 



M. D'Abbordie, Member of the Institute, 120, Rue du Bac, 

 Paris. 



This altazimuth has three peculiarities : 



1st. The telescope is very powerful for its size. 



2nd. Through the small transverse eye-piece the observer may read at 

 the same time the horizontal and the vertical angle ; the divided 

 circles, completely covered, being lighted from above. To save 

 time, there is neither microscope nor vernier, the angles being read 

 in lOths of divisions by three apparent wires, the means of which 

 only are estimated. 

 3rd. The division is decimal ; each hundredth of the dial is numbered, 



and divided into five parts. 



This instrument, constructed for topography, is of small dimensions. In 

 the larger model the division is carried to the thousandth of the dial. The 

 error of collimation is ascertained by reversing the ring that supports the 

 wires. 



31O5b. Twelve-inch Gun Metal Engineer's Level, with 

 channelled bottom for setting flat work, shafting, &c. Very 

 delicate. Joseph Casartelli. 



