OF MAMMALIA. 6oi 



the realm, whilst all the other families are present. Of 

 Ungu/ata all the families of Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla 

 are found, and all are confined to the realm except the pigs, 

 tapirs, camels and deer. In addition, the two sub-orders of 

 the elephants and hyraces are only found here. Of Insecti- 

 vora, the realm has almost a monopoly, one family alone 

 (the Solenodontidce of West Indies) being found outside its 

 borders. The lemurs are also confined to the realm, as 

 are three of the anthropoid families. 



Thus the realm has a practical monopoly of the order 

 Tnsectivora and of the large order Ufigulata (except four 

 families), including the whole of the two sub-orders Pro- 

 boscidea and Hyracoidea, of the sub-orders Nomarthra and 

 Lemuroidea, three families of the cosmopolitan Carnivora 

 and three (of five) of the A?ith?vpoidea, besides a great 

 number of rodent families. On the other hand, the 

 absence of Prototheria, and all the families of Metatheria 

 but one, is equally diagnostic. 



The past history of Aictogoea shows that in the secondary epoch its 

 fauna was remarkably uniform, not only as regards reptiles but in 

 mammals. Of these the Prototheria were represented by the Allothe7-ia 

 occurring in Europe, North America and Africa, and the Metatheria 

 by numerous small Folyprotodontia from North America and Europe. 

 No evidence of Etitheria in this realm (or indeed anywhere else) has yet 

 been forthcoming from secondary strata, and we have already seen that 

 at this period (Jurassic and Cretaceous) Notogoea was in direct con- 

 nection with this realm, as probably was Neogoea as well. Thus all the 

 realms probably had much the same reptilian and early mammalian 

 fauna. At the base of the Eocene, there appear early Lemiiroidea and 

 very primitive Ca}'nivora (Creodonta) and U7is:ulata ( Condylartha ) ; 

 all were very generalised with simple tritubercular teeth and penta- 

 dactyle limbs. During the Eocene the greater number of the orders 

 make their first appearance, together with numerous types now extinct, 

 and at the commencement of this period, the Metatherian types dis- 

 appear, with the exception of the opossums. Hence the Arctogoean 

 realm assumed its general diagnostic characters in early Tertiary times 

 and has continued onwards to differentiate into several important regions. 

 Apparently it has by later communication given of its types considerably 

 to Neogceaand to some extent (incidentally) to Notogoea, but has received 

 from them very little except perhaps a few Edentata from the former. 



Arctogoea can be divided into five regions, as follows : — 

 (i) Madagascar and adjacent islands; (2) Ethiopian, or 

 Africa south of the Sahara ; (3) Oriental — India, southern 

 India and Malay ; (4) Holarctic — the rest of Asia, Europe 



