OF MAMMALIA, 605 



The principal mammalian fauna is as follows : — The pan- 

 golins represent the Edefitata^ the aard-varks being absent 

 at the present day. The Ungulata are rich in numbers and 

 types, and elephants, tapirs, rhinoceroses, pigs, chevrotains, 

 deer, antelopes and buffaloes are amongst the most impor- 

 tant. The absentees are the sub-order of Hyracoidea and 

 the families of Camelidce^ Girafftdce and Hippopotafnidce. 

 Of Rodents, the squirrel-family and rat-family are abundant, 

 besides a few hystricomorphous types. There are great 

 numbers of the cat-family, the tiger, lion, leopards and 

 tiger-cats being representative. The civet-family is as 

 abundant as in Africa. The striped hyaena, wolves, jackals, 

 black bears, sloth-bears, the panda {ProcyonidcB)^ and ratels 

 complete the commoner carnivores. Of Insectivora^ the 

 flying lemur (Gakopithecus) is confined to Malay. Tree- 

 shrews, hedgehogs and musk-shrews are found within the 

 region, though we may note the absence of moles and 

 shrews. Two families of the lemurs are represented, the 

 peculiar Tarsius being confined to Malay. The same two 

 families of monkeys are found as in Ethiopia. The Siiniidce 

 are represented by the orang of Borneo and the gibbons 

 of Assam and Malay, and the Cercopithecidce by great num- 

 bers which mainly differ generically from the Ethiopian. 



In passing over this list we find that the Oriental region 

 is not so faunistically distinct as the Ethiopian. Whilst the 

 latter has the monopoly of at least eight families, the 

 Oriental has not more than three, namely, the Tupaiidce^ 

 TarsiidcR and Galeopithecidce^ though the two latter really 

 rank as sub-orders. 



Whilst the Ethiopian region was distinguished by a 

 marked absence of bears, tapirs, deer, wolves and few pigs, 

 these are all found in the Oriental region, the deer and pigs 

 in abundance. On the other hand, both regions agree in 

 small representation of Mustelidce and in almost entire 

 absence of sheep, goats, moles and shrews, features which 

 are in marked contrast to the Holarctic region. 



We have already seen that Ethiopia probably owes its faimistic 

 similarity to the Oriental region to a migration from the latter to 

 the former, and "during the Pliocene, India, at least, could not 

 have been distinguished as a region from Ethiopia as it exists at the 

 present day, and even in the Pleistocene the connection between the 



