18 CONIFERS AND TAXADS OF JAPAN 



(1909). Nakai in Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, XXXI. 379 (Fl. Kor. pt. 2) (1911). 

 Silva Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelh. 57, fig. 50 (1913). Miyabe & Miyake, Fl. 

 Saghal. 595 (1915). 



Pinus Cembra, B pumila Pallas, Fl. Ross. I. 5, t. 2, fig. f-h (1784). Chamisso in 

 Linnaea, VI. 534 (1831). Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 142 (1847). Ledebour, Fl. 

 Ross. III. pt. 2, 674 (1851). Trautvetter & Meyer in Middendorff, Reis. Siber. 

 I. pt. 2, Bot. abt. 2, 88 (Fl. Ochot.) (1856). Maximowicz in Bull. Phys.-Math. 

 Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, XV. 142 (1857); in Mem. Sav. ttr. Acad. Sci. St. Peters- 

 burg, IX. 262 (Prim. Fl. Amur.) (1859). Regel & Tiling, Fl. Ajan. 120 (1858). 



Pinus Cembra, var. pygmaea Loudon, Arb. Brit. IV. 2276 (1838). 



Pinus pygmaea Fischer ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 142 (as a synonym) (1847). 



Pinus mandshurica Murray in Lawson, Pinet. Brit. I. 61 (not Ruprecht) (1866). 



Pinus parviflora Miyabe in Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. IV. 261 (Fl. Kurile I si.) 

 (not Siebold & Zuccarini) (1890). 



Pinus cembra Shaw, Gen. Pinus, 27 t. 8, fig. 89 (as to the synonyms P. pumila and 

 P. mandschurica, not Linnaeus) (1914). 



This dwarf Pine is abundant on the summits and upper slopes of most of the 

 high mountains of Japan from the alps of Shinano province northward through 

 Hondo and Hokkaido and descends to sea-level in Japanese Saghalien, at the 

 shores of the Okhotsk Sea. It is said to be absent from Shikotan, but is common 

 on most of the Kurile Islands. Masters' statement that it occurs in Arctic 

 America has not been confirmed and is probably erroneous. In continental north- 

 eastern Asia it is widely distributed from Kamtchatka eastward to Yakutsk and 

 southward through the Amur region to Mandshuria and northern Korea, where its 

 southern limit is at about 1600 m. altitude on Kumgan-san (Diamond Mountain) . 



In Japan Pinus pumila grows on granite, and on old volcanic mountains and is 

 absent from Fuji-san, Nantai-san and others of comparatively recent activity. 

 I met with it first on Mt. Ontake in Shinano province, where between 2800 and 

 3250 m. it covers thousands of acres. At its lowest level on Mt. Ontake it grows 

 with scrubby bushes of Abies Mariesii Mast., Tsuga diversifolia Mast., Betula 

 Ermanii Cham., Prunus nipponica Mats, and with Juniperus communis, var. 

 nipponica Wils., various Willows, Vacciniums and other alpine plants, but in 

 its upper range it forms almost pure and impenetrable thickets from 0.3 to 2 m. 

 high. On the summit and topmost slopes of Hakkoda-yama in Mutsu province 

 this dwarf Pine covers great areas with Pieris nana Mak., Vaccinium Vitis-idaea 

 L., Phyllodoce aleutica Mak., and other alpine plants. Between these two points 

 in Hondo I met with it on most of the high mountains which I climbed and in all 

 it must cover many hundreds of square miles. In Hokkaido I collected this Pine 

 on Shiribeshi-san, where it covers most of the mountain top and upper slopes and 

 is associated with Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall., Phyllodoce caerulea Mak., 

 Willows and alpine plants; also on Teine-yama near Sapporo, where it grows with 

 dwarf Bamboos (Sasa spp.) at 1100-1200 m. altitude. At Sakhaiyama in Sagha- 

 lien I collected it at sea-level growing on sand dunes and in meadows with Juniperus 

 conferta Pari., Rosa rugosa Thunb., Empetrum nigrum L., Cornus suecica L., Lon- 

 icera Chamissoi Bunge and scrubby growths of Abies sachalinensis Mast, and 

 Larix dahurica, var. japonica Maxim. In habit this Pine is best described as 

 creeping, for the main branch or branches are flat on the ground and emit roots 

 freely throughout their entire length; the lateral branches are ascending, ascending- 

 spreading or spreading and form a dense tangled mass from 0.3 to 2.5 m. high. 

 There is no trunk and the prostrate main branches may be from 10 to 15 m. or 



