PINACEAE. ABIES FIRMA 55 



Jap. I. 17, t. 6, fig. 1-21 (1900). Matsumura, Ind. PL Jap. II. pt. 1, 5 (1905). 

 Elwes & Henry, Trees Gr. Brit. & Irel. IV. 762, t. 216 (1909). Clinton-Baker, 

 III. Conif. II. 12, t. (1909). Hayata, Veget. Mt. Fuji, 46, 89 (1911). Silva 

 Tarouca, JJni. Freiland-Nadelh. 147, t. 146 (1913). Parde, Icon. Conif. t. 26 

 (1914). 



fPinus Abies Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnaeus) (1784). 



fPinus Thunbergii Lambert, Descr. Pinus, II. preface, vi (1828). 



Abies momi Siebold in Verh. Batav. Genoot. XII. pt. 1, 12 (Syn. PI. Oecon. Jap.) 



(name only) (1830). 

 ? Abies Thunbergii Lindley in Penny Cycl. I. 34 (1833). 

 Abies bifida Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. II. 18, t. 109 (1842). Bertrand in Ann. 



Sci. Nat. ser. 5, XX. 93 (1874). 

 Pinus firma Antoine, Conif. 70, t. 27 (1846). 

 Pinus bifida Antoine, 1. c. 79, t. 31, fig. 2 (1846). McNab in Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 



ser. 2, II. 688, t. 47, fig. 15 (1877). 

 Picea firma Gordon, Pinet. 147 (1858). Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 351, 



fig. 63-75, 77-79 (1862). 

 Picea firma, var. B Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. II. 409 (1862). 

 Picea firma, var. bifida Masters in Gard. Chron. n. ser. XII. 199 (1879). 

 Abies firma, var. bifida Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 514 (1881). 

 Pinus momi Voss in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI. 94 (1907). 



This is the Momi of the Japanese and the only Fir known from southern 

 Japan. It is the common low-level species of central Japan from Nagoya north- 

 ward to Mi to and is abundant throughout Kyushu, Shikoku and southern Hondo 

 including the Kishu peninsula, where its altitudinal limit is from 1300 to 1600 m. 

 On the slopes of Fuji-san it ascends to about 1000 m. altitude. On the Chichibu 

 Mountains to the west-northwest of Tokyo it also reaches 1000 m. altitude. 

 Mayr gives latitude 40 as the northern limit of this species, but I saw no wild 

 trees north of latitude 37. It is also commonly planted in temple grounds and 

 parks throughout the region where it grows naturally. In and around Tokyo and 

 at Nikko it is common as a planted tree and good specimens are plentiful. 



On the island of Yaku-shima off the extreme south of Japan and 90 miles south 

 of the city of Kagoshima this Fir is common in the forest mixed with Cryptomeria 

 japonicaT>. Don, Tsuga Sieboldii Carr. and various dicotyledonous trees, and I saw 

 there individuals more than 30 m. tall, with trunks 6 m. in girth. Around the base 

 of Mt. Kirishima in southern Kyushu in mixed forest it is common, and there too 

 I saw many magnificent specimens. In Shikoku I again met with it in mixed forest 

 with Pinus parviflora S. &Z. and Pseudotsuga japonica Beissn. On Koya-san it grows 

 with Chamaecyparis obtusa S. & Z., Sciadopitys verticillata S. & Z. and various de- 

 ciduous leaved trees. On the slopes of Takao-san, a low mountain about 24 miles 

 west and slightly south of Tokyo, this Fir grows with Torreya nucifera S. & Z. I 

 did not see it forming pure forest, but always associated with other coniferous 

 and dicotyledonous trees. It attains its maximum size in the moist warm valleys 

 of southern Japan. The trees I saw on Yaku-shima impressed me most. On the 

 steep slopes of this island Abies firma is first seen at about 500 m. altitude and 

 ascends nearly to the peak (alt. 1928 m.). None of the trees here exceed 40 m. in 

 height, but the average girth of the trunks is from 5 to 6 m. In Tosa province, 

 Shikoku, I saw trees perhaps taller, but the average girth of trunk was rather less. 



As it grows in southern Japan A. firma is a noble tree with massive branches 

 spreading horizontally and forming an oval or flattened and rounded crown. The 



