Change in Unit 89 



his family with a full subsistence. He either has another employ- 

 ment or holds some capital and makes up his income from the 

 interest on it. The occupiers of such holdings are mostly agricultural 

 labourers, but also small shop-keepers or inn-keepers, industrial 

 workers and artisans, little property-owners, and so forth. The hold- 

 ings may be divided into two main types : viz. those which are not, 

 and those which are, the chief support of their occupiers. Allotments 

 properly so-called belong to the first type, though they do not 

 exhaust it. The second type produce more for the market than do 

 the first, on which production is as a rule mainly for the occupier's 

 own consumption. But they must be distinguished from small 

 holdings whose occupiers occasionally go out to work. The allot- 

 ment holder goes out to work because he must ; small holders may 

 occasionally go out when opportunity offers to earn an agreeable 

 supplement to their incomes. Finally, on both types of allotment 

 holding the whole family takes part in the work and hired labour is 

 not employed. 



The allotment holdings merge into the second class, which is that 

 of the small holding proper. Here the occupier is normally fully 

 occupied and expects to make the full subsistence of his family, 

 though he may on occasion do a day's work elsewhere. If he has 

 a large family, say one or two grown-up sons and perhaps a daughter, 

 he will need to employ hardly any outside labour, unless at special 

 times such as hay or potato-harvest or for fruit-picking. Such 

 employment will be purely exceptional. This was the type of hold- 

 ing on which the little farmers and smaller yeomanry of the eighteenth 

 century lived, and which to so great an extent vanished in the nine- 

 teenth century. 



The other classes are those of the medium-sized and large farms. 

 The characteristic of the medium-sized farm is that the occupier 

 needs to employ wage-labour, while at the same time he himself and 

 as a rule his family also takes part in the actual work of the farm. 

 But a certain division between manual labour and the work of 

 organisation is here visible, for while the occupier is partly busied in 

 the actual work he also at times simply directs it. This division 

 becomes clearly established on the large farm, where a number of 

 wage-labourers on the one side are directed by the farmer on the 

 other. The occupier is no longer in a position to take part in the 

 work himself: his time is fully taken up with supervision and 

 organisation. If his wife and daughters take any part at all, it is 

 also only supervisory, as of dairy-maids or milkers, or of the feeding of 



