68 A MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN 



or muddy shore begins. This line is surveyed in connec- 

 tion with a United States land survey, the process being 

 called " meandering." 



At every point where a standard, township, or section 

 line intersects the bank of a navigable stream or other 

 meanderable body of water, corners are established at the 

 time of running these lines. These are called " meander 

 corners." They are always marked M C in addition to any 

 other marks left for their identification. 



In the same way, when a line subdividing a section runs 

 into a considerable body of water, a " special meander 

 corner" is established and marked in the same way. 



3. Witness Corners and Witness Points. 



A key to the location and meaning of these will be found 

 in the following sections from the " Instructions." 



49. Under circumstances where the survey of a township or 

 section line is obstructed by an impassable obstacle, such as a 

 pond, swamp, or marsh (not meanderable), the line will be pro- 

 longed across such obstruction by making the necessary right- 

 angle offsets; or, if such proceeding be impracticable, a traverse 

 line will be run, or some proper trigonometrical operation em- 

 ployed to locate the line on the opposite side of the obstruction ; 

 and in case the line, either meridional or latitudinal, thus regained, 

 is recovered beyond the intervening obstacle, said line will be sur- 

 veyed back to the margin of the obstruction. 



50. As a guide in alignment and measurement, at each point 

 where the line intersects the margin of an obstacle a witness point 

 will be established, except when such point is less than twenty 

 chains distant from the true point for a legal corner which falls in 

 the obstruction, in which case a witness corner will be established 

 at the intersection. 



51. In a case where all the points of intersection with the ob- 

 stacle to measurement fall more than twenty chains from the proper 

 place for a legal corner in the obstruction, and a witness corner 

 can be placed on the offset line within twenty chains of the inac- 

 cessible corner point, such witness corner will be established. 



97. The point for a corner falling on a railroad, street, or 

 wagon road, will be perpetuated by a marked stone (charred stake 

 or quart of charcoal), deposited twenty-four inches in the ground, 

 and witnessed by two witness corners, one of which will be estab- 

 lished on each limiting line of the highway. 



In case the point for any regular corner falls at the intersection 

 of two or more streets or roads, it will be perpetuated by a marked 

 stone (charred stake or quart of charcoal), deposited twenty-four 

 inches in the ground, ana witnessed by two witness corners estab- 



