744 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 



with the beet. Imperial Victories were established, and 100,000 

 acres of land were devoted to the cultivation of beets. In 1812 

 the sura of $200,000 was appropriated to encourage the production 

 of this root; but soon a political revolution put an end to these 

 schemes, and in 1814 every manufacturer of beet sugar failed 

 except one, Crespel Delisse, who continued the business. How- 

 ever, in December 1814, the impost on sugar was fixed at about 

 three and one-third cents per pound, and the duty on foreign 

 suirar was established at fifty per cent advance or about five cents 

 per pound. Under this regulation the home trade revived, and 

 various improvements were made in the manufacture; still the 

 amount of beet sugar produced per annum was comparatively 

 small, being in 1828 only 4,665 tons. In 1833, when the duties 

 were fixed at from five to dght cents per pound, the amount was 

 12,000 tons. In 1837 the amount was 49,000 tons. In 1840 the 

 duties were lowered, and the production for that year was only 

 22,000 tons, but ten years later the annual amount had risen to 

 64,000 tons. In 1857 the product was 80,874 tons, but, for reasons 

 not known to us, the product of the succeeding year was nearly 

 doubled, being 150,444 tons. In 1862 the yield was 173,675 tons, 

 yet the succeeding year furnished only 108,495 tons. The total 

 for 1864 was 145,745 tons, and for 1865 the astonishing amount 

 of 270,000 tons. In the same year, in the ZoUverein, were pro- 

 duced 180,000 tons; in Austria 80,000 ; in Russia 50,000;- in 

 Belgium 30,000 ; in Poland 14,000; in Holland 5,000; in Sweden 

 1,000, making a total of 630,000 tons. The whole number of fac- 

 tories devoted to this manufacture was 1,426. In Russia 438 

 factories produced less than one-fifth the amount made in 420 

 French factories. The average annual product of a factory in 

 those countries where the manufacture is most successful is 600 

 tons. 



In France, under the protection of a tariff", the price of sugar 

 has gradually decreased. At Paris the average price of raw sugar, 

 exclusive of duties, in 1816, was 12^ cents; in 1826, 10.3 cents; 

 in 1857, 7.6 cents ; in 1860, 6.1 ; in 1864, 5.2 cents ; in 1865, 5 

 cents, and in April 1866, only 4| cents per pound. Thus it will 

 be seen that while the prices of sugar, exclusive of duties, has 

 decreased since 1816, in France, nearly two-thirds, the production 

 has increased to more than forty fold. Mr. E. B. Grant estimates 

 the total production of sugar throughout the world at 2,800,000 

 tons ; the proportion from the four principal sources is as follows : 



