The Canadian Horticulturist. 



309 



revive, and increase rapidly in numbers. There are five or six generations of 

 wingless females, all of which bear young without the intervention of males. 

 About the middle of July some winged females are produced which leave the 

 roots and fly to other vines, when each one lays a few eggs of two different sizes 

 and then dies. In about a fortnight perfect males and females are produced 

 from these eggs, the females from the larger eggs ; they are born for no other 

 purpose than the reproduction of their kind, and are without means of flight, of 

 taking food or excreting. Each female lays one egg from which comes an 

 egg-bearing wingless mother, thus beginning again a new cycle of existence. It has 



been also discovered that the 

 winged females are not actually 

 necessary for the perpetuation 

 of the species ; for some of the 

 wingless underground form lay 

 a few eggs of two sizes from 

 which males and females are 

 produced. The use then of 

 the winged females seems only 

 to be to secure the distribution 

 of the species ; for these wing- 

 ed females which b^n to 

 appear in July continue to 

 appear through the rest of the 

 season and are most abundant 

 in August. 



If to the above we now add that occasionally the underground form leaves 

 the roots and produces galls on the leaves, we have a general outline of the 

 whole life-history of this species. In Canada the injury from the Phylloxera is 

 seldom serious. The form on the leaves is occasionally rather abundant in the 

 Western part of Ontario ; but the root-inhabiting form has been seldom com- 

 plained of or even observed. 



Some years ago Dr. Saunders saw a vineyard of Clinton vines severely 

 attacked in the neighborhood of London, Ontario. The result was that most 

 of these vines died, but such an attack as this in Canada is quite exceptional. 

 Remedies. — Numerous experiments have been tried in this country and all 

 others which the Phylloxera has invaded, to find some means of fighting it 

 successfully, but up to the present nothing quite satisfactory has been discov- 

 ered. Flooding the vineyard has been adopted where practicable in Europe, 

 and the use of bi-sulphide of carbon which is forced into the ground about the 

 roots by means of a special instrument. In this country the only remedy which 

 has been found necessary is the destruction of badly infested vines or the 

 removal of gall-bearing leaves from those which are less seriously attacked. 



Jas. Fletcher. 

 Entomologist Central Exper'l Farm, Ottawa. 



