22 LABORATORY MANUAL OF ANTHROPOMETRY 



parallelograph. When a skull is clamped into a craniophore, particularly 

 one like that first described, and figured in Fig. 12, this needle may be 

 used in placing the skull at the FH, the adjusting being continued until 

 the needle, at a given level, by being pushed about the table on different 

 sides, will successively point to the four essential points involved in this 

 horizontal, the lowest point in the rim of each orbit, and the highest point 

 in the rim of each auditory meatus. When a satisfactory orientation has 

 been made in such a craniophore, the essential part, together with the 

 skull, may be easily transferred to the cubic frame, without further adjust- 

 ment. Except, however, for the upright parts of the cubic frame, the 

 first orientation may be done just as well within the cubic craniophore, by 

 the help of the horizontal needle. 



Table. — It will be seen from this procedure, and still more from the 

 description of the diagraph, to follow, that the table, although hardly an 

 anthropometric instrument in itself, must be suited to the work. For 

 these and other proceedings its top should be level and very smooth, and 

 it would be as well to have it accurately leveled for such instruments as 

 the stationary goniometer. Polished slate or plate glass is recommended 

 for the surface, to which paper may be temporarily attached by means 

 of wax or plastilina. For purposes where an instrument is required 

 to be held stationary, as in the case of the cubic craniophore, during 

 the drawing of diagraph curves, the same material may serve, placed 

 along the base. 



For purposes where a skull is simply to be held without orientation 

 some very simple device is sufficient. For exhibition in a museum 

 a standard with an upright bearing a spring or some arrangement of 

 twisted wire is sufficient, and for many anthropometric purposes, such 

 as drawing or photographing, a similar device is often satisfactory. A 

 thin cloth cushion, nine inches square, partially filled with bran, serves 

 a most useful purpose in all ordinary examinations of a skull, and in 

 the measurements of arcs and linear distances. Upon such a cushion, 

 if not very well filled, a skull may be placed in practically any desired 

 position, leaving the two hands free for drawing; the cushion saves also 

 the wear and tear to which a skull is subject, rolled about upon a table. 



Universal Holder of Wetzel.- — A device in which any sort of bone, in 

 almost any degree of fragmentation, may be held with well-nigh mathe- 

 matical exactness, convenient for the application of any form of drawing 

 apparatus, is the Universal holder of Wetzel, Fig. 13. This apparatus, 

 described in detail in Zeitschr. Morphol. und Anthropol., 1910-11, pp. 

 541-598, consists of a round stone table, upon which may be erected 

 either one or two massive steel stands, which clamp firmly to the table 

 edge. Various forms of clutch, fitted to various cases, are borne by the 

 stand or stands, the firmest and best arrangement being one in which two 

 stands are used, clamped at opposite sides of the table, and bear be1 ween 

 them a horizontal steel bar. Whether supported by one or two stands 



